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Review for building knowledge database and consensus report on recommendation on wlaw


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4.3Hydraulic infrastructure:


Regarding superficial waters mobilization, A sustained effort regarding construction of dams was undertaken since 1967 until our days. Up till 2004, the kingdom counts 109 big dams with a storage capacity of more than 15.6 billion m3 and with a regulated volume more than 9.5 billion m3. The dam’s edification continues currently with a rhythm of a 1 dam/year.

From 1984 and considering the dry years that succeeded on the kingdom, a construction Policy of hill dams (small dams) was adopted. Several infrastructures were realized to satisfy the local population’s needs.

Concerning balances between areas, 13 water transfer systems with a total length surpassing 1000 Km were set up, The total mobilized flow is about 200 m3 /s).

For underground waters, a sustained effort about increasing resources is undertaken since a linear of 100 km/years including wells and drillings is realized. The park of well and drilling allows having 2.87 billion m3 /year.

It is important to mention an ancestral technique concerning the catchments of rainwater’s which is practiced in some provinces of the Kingdom (Chichaoua, Essaouira, Safi, Tiznit). It means the rainwater’s collection in tanks or "metfias" dug in the ground (like a well). These works are located in the areas devoid in water and their use is often for drinkable water and domestic uses. The water quality is often bad and does not respect hygiene norms. According to an investigation conducted by the Tensift basin agency in 1986 in the province of Chichaoua, The number of tanks surpasses 6000 only in Taouloukoult!! These métfias are filled by trucks; the current price is about 150 Dhs for a tank having 10 tons. We Signal to the passage that the situation was improved through the PAGER program (Nutrition in drinkable water of rural areas).




4.4Stakeholders in the water domain:


Among the inherent problems to the water management, is the multiplicity of the stakeholders:

- Basins Agencies: they are 7 throughout the country for managing the main hydraulic basins of the kingdom.

- ONEP (national office of drinkable water): principal producer of drinkable water in Morocco, it is equally distributor in small and average cities.

- Distribution offices: autonomous organisms taking care the drinkable water distribution in the big cities of the Kingdom.

-Municipalities: concerning the hydraulic aspect, they take care of watering gardens and green spaces.

- Rural Towns: drinkable water of the rural populations.

- ORMVA (agricultural offices): responsible for the management of the 7 big irrigated perimeters of the Kingdom.

- DPA (provincial delegations of agriculture): management of the small and average hydraulic.

- ONE (national office of electricity): principal producer of the electric energy including the hydraulic origin.

- Waters and forests administration: taking care the watersheds development.

- The provincial health delegations: health aspect, hygiene, Diseases including the ones from hydrous origin

The experience of the past showed that a lot of contentious situations in some areas occurred because of the insufficiency coordination between the different actors.

In order to endow the country with a national strategy in water domain, the higher water consul was created in 1989 by his majesty the king Hassan II. This institution aims is mainly the coordination between the different departments intervening in the water sector. Thus, the big orientations concerning water policy are studied in this council. The studies of master plans are equally approved within this institution. We signal to the passage that this consul is presided effectively by his Majesty.

At a regional scale and in accordance with the 10/95 law promulgated in 1995, it’s the basin agency that plays the role motor since the water management is done in a collective way with the different actors and partners within this institution.


4.5The water management in Morocco:



4.6.1. History of organizational aspects


-In 1982, the organizational aspect was marked by the establishment of the regional directions of hydraulic (DRH), The foundation of a such act is the management and the water planning within watersheds. In fact, and before this date prevailed the vision of a planning water resources by project. This date coincided with a drought cycle (1981-1986) that incited the authorities to review the old institutional aspect.


-In 1995, And after the economical and social development of Morocco, the DRH structure and some old texts showed their limits and became not adapted to the general Moroccan context. It’s the 10/95 law that will enter in force and this with a new approach and concepts. The federal principles of this law are as follows:

1) The public domaniality of water: all waters availability are part of the public domain of the state.

2) The unity of water resources management: the domain and scale of study is the watershed.

3) The recognition of the economical value of water: adoption of the principles operator payer and polluter payer.

4) The creation of the basins agencies: spaces consultation between the different actors and water users. They are autonomous organisms taking care of the water management within the watershed.

5) National and regional solidarity: among the objectives of basins agencies creation, the instauration of mechanisms of solidarities and notably about water transfers between basins.

The new structures coming from the 10/95 law are as follows:

«The higher water superior consul: for the elaboration of the general orientations regarding management and planning water at the national scale.

"The basins agencies: for a rational and collective use of water integrating the different actors.

"The water provincial commissions: spaces consultation grouping together the local groups, the different provincial services and the professional associations.




4.6.2. Problems and constraints linked to water management:




"The imbalance between supply and demand:
This aspect is marked by the following aspects:

- Succession of drought years which false the allocation of water resources: the big irrigated perimeters for example know restrictions which can achieve 50 to 75%. In urban areas, we often constituted committees of vigilance for rationalization and water economy. We also mention the transportation of water by trucks and notably for drinkable water needs in rural areas. It should be noted that the climatic changes at the planetary scale will affect probably in more severe the water resources state. This aspect is yet at a research state and there are not enough quantitative studies. Some ones speak about a shortage about 20% concerning water provisions. In any case the situation in the future will be more and more difficult.

- Intensive exploitation of the major party of the aquifers. The good example is from Souss plain since the aquifer decreases to alarming levels (oulad Taima and sebt El Guerdane area) to the point that a lot of farmers have abandoned their lands. In some areas of Morocco, the intensive exploitation was accompanied by the intrusion of bevel salty sea, this is the case for example for Oualidia area near Safi city.

-Silting up of dams reducing thus the useful storage capacity (Morocco loses in average a dam per year because of this phenomenon). For more illustrating the problematic and to give figures, 65 Mm3 /year is lost regarding useful storage capacity.

-Persistence of drought cycles, the episodes more remarkable are: 1944-1945, 1980-1985, 1991-1995, and 1998-2002. In another side, all studies about master plans concerning the different watershed show that in the horizon 2020 all Moroccan basins will have big deficits in water excepted north basin and Sebou one.

-Degradation of water quality: for superficial waters, the average and downhill Sebou River is strongly polluted by the urban and industrial rejections. It’s the case equally of the average Oum Errbia River. Concerning underground waters, a lot of aquifers have very high contents in nitrates because of the excessive agricultural activity (Berrechid aquifer, Beni moussa and Beni Amir aquifer, Tafilalt aquifer…..).

-Considerable delay regarding liquid and solid sanitation regarding construction of purification stations and recovery of treated wastewaters. In urban area, the global rate of connection to the sewer system is about 70% what means that about 4, 5 millions of urban populations are not connected to the network and are using autonomous purification systems. For the purification station’s number, Morocco has 80 ones of which more than the half are not functional and this for many reasons: technical, financial and human. A such situation shows not only delay that the country combined in this domain, but also contamination risks about receiver environment in general and water resources in particular.



  • Important water losses in traditional irrigations networks because of water leaks. Of another side, the networks type are in their majority gravity and do not value therefore the mobilized quantities. (90% near by of the global water resources of the country). We can speak equally of the weak yield of networks concerning drinkable water (Oujda: 51%, Fes: 53%, Beni-Mellal: 60%).




  • Table 1: yields of distribution networks for drinkable water.

(Source: direction of the governed and granted services)

-The pricing problems that give raise often reactions from the users regarding drinking water and irrigation.

It is very important to underline that facing the context of water resources scarcity, Morocco orients itself more and more towards the demand management while in the past prevailed the offer management. This allows to the users to review their needs integrating the economical optimization. In other terms, it is necessary to maximize the cash flow of every mobilized m3.

"Organizational aspect problems:

-Lacks of human and financial resources for the reinforcement of the water police. There is place to signal that illicit pumping regarding underground waters are huge and escape often to the administration check.

-Non payment in a systematic way of water obligations, notably for ORMVA about the big hydraulic (irrigation) as well as the ONEP for drinkable water in urban areas.

-Delay in the promulgation of some texts and decrees of application of the 10/95 law knowing that a big effort was deployed in this direction.

-Insufficiency regarding contribution of the civil corporation in the effort of awareness for the water resource preservation.

-Insufficiency of the contribution of the universities and engineers schools in the scientific research.



" financial problems aspect:

-Insufficiency of funds for the realization of the different installations and infrastructures. In fact, and so far It’s the general budget of the state - with sometimes the competition of the silent partners - that was mobilized for the dams construction, pipes…Il is necessary to say that the govenment deployed considerable efforts in this direction, despite that, a lot remains to do and an important budget will be necessary. This cannot conceive itself without a new vision based on partnerships and participative approaches.

-The pricing practiced up till now for drinkable water and irrigation do not reflect the economical value of water by integration of all the expenses of installation and mobilization. Despite that and on the social plan, the users are often hostile to all increase or tariff revision. This problem exists equally in basins agencies. It is interesting to signal that in rural areas, and until the last years, the population always admitted the notion of free and the principle of the "all done by the government"

"The issues and future challenges:

- The growing urbanization of the cities and their neighborhoods generating a strong pressure on water resources (case of Marrakech city for example).

-Tourist orientations of the country: 10 millions of tourists to the horizon 2010 which suppose additional needs regarding water resources.

-The competitiveness of agricultural sector in a context of globalization and agreements of partnership with the European Union , in the same way the agreements of free exchange between Morocco and The United States.

-The development of pollution sources threatening in permanent way water resources (uncontrolled landfills problems, Rejections of waste waters without treatment, intensive use of fertilizers.)

-Partial or total drying up of the underground water resources consequently to intensive exploitation adding to this drought episodes: Haouz, Saiss, triffa-angad, Tadla. A such situation generates equally springs flow reduction and also the marine waters intrusion for coastal aquifers (example of Safi, Maamora...)




4.6.3. Principal projects of management of water:


1) The aquifer’s contracts: contract between the basin agencies and the users concerning aquifers.

2) The national program of rural drinkable water: PAGER which objective is to generalize the access to drinkable water for the profit of the rural populations.

3) The national plan against the floods: this program consists in the inventory of very vulnerable sites and the technical adapted solution suggestion.

4) The program of improvement of the big irrigation (PAGI): this program focuses on three aspects:

- The improvement of hydraulic performances for the systems irrigation.

-The improvement of the productivity and yields.

-The effectiveness improvement regarding intervention of the ORMVA in the field.

5) The project of water resources management: this project aims the development and the integrated management of water resources with a support for the basin agency of Oum Errbia. The main aspects of this project are:

-The elaboration of the water national plan.

-The elaboration of the master plan for every basin agency about integrated water resources management (PDAIRE)

-The elaboration of the master plan concerning flood protection.

- The elaboration of the master plan about water quality protection.

-Management system installation in real time of water resources in water in Oum Errbia basin.

6) Payment system study concerning water pollution in Sebou basin: this study aims the conception of a payment system able to be applied by the Sebou agency.

7) Study aiming to minimize the impact of agricultural intensification in the irrigated perimeters: the objective of this study is:


- The pollution state description in the irrigated perimeters.

-The collection of all data about the intensive agricultural sector.

-The delimitation of areas and zones affected by agricultural pollution.

-The system instauration of control in order to use in a rational way the fertilizers and other products.


8) The public hydraulic domain management: No good water resources management, No planning or long-term vision in the water domain could be effective and well founded if the public hydraulic domain is not well managed. A such domain must be protected from encroachments and equally illicit pumping. A lot of actions in this direction are realized and others are planned according to credits availability.

4.6.4. Some concrete projects:


"To continue to realize small and average dams with an average rhythm of 2 to 3 dams per year. There is place to signal that the sites are now comparatively difficult in comparison with what already was realized.

"Realization of other water transfers taking into account the already identified possibilities:

- 200 Mm3 from high Sebou towards the Saiss.

- 170 Mm3 from Loukkos towards the south.

- 400 Mm3 from coastal Mediterranean’s areas towards Moulouya.

" water resources reinforcement by artificial refills about 20 aquifers (infiltration basins, thresholds, dams), experimentations at a small scale were experimented and the results were encouraging: Haouz in Nfis area (infiltration basin ), jbilétes (thresholds). The photo. 4 illustrate the second example.

"Acceleration of realization rhythm concerning PAGER (drinkable water of the rural populations) in order to recover the delays combined in this domain. ( The rate of national service surpasses currently 75%, while it was only of 14% in 1995). We signal to the passage that the authorities multiply the efforts to find others funds to support the current rhythm of realizations. Thus several silent partners contributed: JICA, World Bank, Saudi fund, European Union (Meda programs). It is necessary to add also the implication of INDH (national initiative for the human development) in this program that aims - among others- the improvement of life conditions for the benefit of poor populations .The global realized infrastructure is very important and necessitated huge budgets, so it is necessary to preserve it and to manage it correctly.


"Improvement of hydrogeological knowledges state about deep aquifers by the realization of deep drillings and this to update water resources stock. A lot of drillings campaigns are realized every year in order to get new data hydrogeological data’s.

"Preservation of water quality in relation with pollution sources especially if we take account of the accumulated delays in liquid and solid sanitation. There is a real danger incurred by water resources if we don’t do any thing. This effort becomes real regarding the following projects:

- Construction of wastewater treatment plants. (Marrakech , Tangier, Fez).

- Examination and rehabilitation of the sewers of the big cities (Marrakech, Fez…).

- Technical treatment study by stabilization ponds in some pilot sites : Marrakech, Ouarzazate, Bouznika, Boujaad, Benslimane.

- Systematic Inventory of pollution sources and starting study about garbage dump (Essaouira, Kenitra…)



"Resource development of non conventional waters:

- Reuse of treated waste waters since the global current volume surpasses 500 Mm3 and will attain about 900 Mm3 at the horizon 2020. This potential is very important and we must study the revaluation possibilities.

- The development of marine waters desalinization to reassure the drinkable water of some coastal cities considering the insufficiency of the mobilized resources. This procedure already began for the cities of Layoune (equipped flow 100 l/s) and Boujdour (equipped flow 10 l/s). The cities of Essaouira, Agadir, Safi, Nador will benefit from this technique in the future.

"The modernization of irrigation’s technical by inciting to technical that save water (drop by drop, spraying,).Important efforts regarding financings and subsidies are deployed by the government through agricultural offices. In 1995, the total area irrigated by pivot systems surpassed 3000 hectares in Bahira plain.

"Efforts against water leaks about irrigation networks and the same thing with drinkable water distribution networks (yield improvement). The distribution offices are mostly endow with special teams for the detection and water leaks repair while using more and more new technologies.

" Public hydraulic domain delimitation and notably the river domain in order to avoid the occupation of this domain in an illicit way. A lot of installations and of constructions were realized in or near rivers and this without authorization or previous consultations. Such situations favored damages during floods. The case of Ourika in 1995 is a revealing example since there were devastated houses, hotels, Restaurants etc.…

" Reforestation and watershed equipment in order to reduce the phenomena of erosion and minimize thus dams siltation.

"The users awareness through the media, meetings, in the objective of water save and the quality protection

" The reinforcement of the legislative and lawful aspect by the promulgation of the texts and application decrees concerning the 10/95 law.
"The opening of different organisms exercising in the water sector on the university and the engineers schools to develop the scientific research (thesis, participation to the meetings and to the debates).

"The preparation and the qualification of human resources for more professionalism through the continuous learning, seminaries, Trainings and especially through the opening on foreign countries for experiences exchange and collaboration.

" The implication of local authorities in the control of the public hydraulic domain in the objective of preservation and notably about clandestine pumping.

Conclusions:

The water sector still faces challenges related mainly to the water scarcity as a climate change impact, the overexploitation of groundwater resources, and low valorisation of water resources mobilized particularly in agriculture and pollution due to the delay in sanitation and wastewater treatment;

The issues and future challenges are important and a lot remains to do in order to accompany the social and economical development of the country. This imposes urgent disposals to all levels: technical, lawful, and financial. The future vision must be focused on an optimum and rational management of water resources and looking for the best profiting from these mobilized resources. Water is an economical good and it is necessary to manage it according to this concept.

To consolidate the achievements and to better overcome the challenges, a new strategy to strengthen water policy was initiated. The main issues of this strategy cover : Water demand management through water saving, valorisation of water resources and promoting of their efficient use, particularly in agriculture through the conversion of irrigation areas to drop irrigation; Preservation of water and the fight against pollution through the implementation of an ambitious national program of sanitation and wastewater treatment; Safeguarding groundwater through the promotion of a new mode of governance based on user participation in managing this strategic resource through water-table contract. Continuation of the development of mobilization of conventional as well as non conventional water resources, including desalination of seawater; Continuation of the institutional and regulatory reforms.



References:

-National report on the water resources of Morocco, document on the site of PNUD, 2004.

-Strategy of water resources management in Morocco, State secretary of water and the environment, Morocco.

-Ninth project of drinkable water and sanitation, evaluation report established by the African bank of development, May 2006.

-The water resources in Morocco, document DRPE.

-The decentralized water management in Morocco, current situation and perspectives: workshop. Document DRPE.



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