Prompt on Kennedy, accept

TOSSUP 1

10: He was Kennedy's assassin.

The modern day name for this property was originally coined by William Rankine. The Lagrangian of a dynamic system is equal to the difference between this quantity and the kinetic energy in a system. This property is only dependent on the position of an object, and its value can be arbitrarily defined, because only changes in this property are significant. When this quantity is differentiated with respect to position the negative force is obtained. Traditionally, the total work done on a system will equal the negative change in this quantity. FTP, what is this type of energy, the analogue of kinetic energy in mechanical systems?

10: Following an inverse square law, this universal force attracts two point masses and the modern definition was formulated by Newton.

It is thought that only a third of adults are able to use it in certain situations corresponding with the areas necessary to the life of the user, and tests that suggest that few people are able to think using it may be biased towards the intelligent children on whom the tests were based. It is characterized by the ability to see shades of gray and think abstractly and comes about in adolescence, but develops throughout life. FTP, name this last stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

10: Psychosexual development

The Eastern Roman Emperor Isaac Angelus made an alliance with the Ayyubids to impede the progress of this event, which was prompted by the deaths of Baldwin IV and his son. The Ayyubids didn't even have to do anything, though, because through an accident one of the main leaders died. It was left to his allies to seize Acre with King Guy and then launch an attack on Jerusalem itself, which despite tactical success at Arsuf led nowhere due to logistical issues on the Crusaders' side. FTP name this Crusade of the late twelfth century, launched against the Ayyubid Sultanate by Philip Augustus of France and Richard the Lionhearted.

10: The first and most powerful of the Ayyubid Sultans was this Kurd.

Our Gang, a political satire featuring Trick E. Dixon, followed on his best selling work. His most famous alter ego was created in My Life As A Man by another alter ego, Peter Tarnopol. Yet another one is influenced by an artist who masters the Wagner scale of Sturm und Drang in poop. The former, Nathan Zuckerman, is said to have made his last appearance in this author's most recent book, Exit Ghost. FTP name this Jewish-American writer of Portnoy's Complaint.

10: This alternate history novel posits a world in which Charles Lindbergh wins the 1940 election and is resolved by a deus ex machina.

Frank Dicksee, Frank Cowper, Arthur Hughes, and John William Waterhouse have depicted it in paintings. Its title comes from another poem written by Alain Cartier. An unknown speaker asks the narrator why he is "So haggard and woe-begone". The title figure "found me roots of relish sweet, And honey wild, and manna dew". In a dream, the narrator sees "pale kings and princes too", who tell the narrator that the title figure "Hath thee in thrall!" The narrator then awakes "on the cold hill's side", and is left "alone and palely loitering". FTP, name this ballad by John Keats about the title fairy, who seduces a knight.

10: "'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.'"

A computational algorithm with this name involves a randomwalk and then a subsequent analysis of the solutions generated that obey some property. The more famous application of the name was made possible by a law passed by Florestan I in 1854. Thirty-and-forty, baccarat, and blackjack are all played at the tables of, FTP, which Monaco district that borders the French town of Beausoleil and which is the site of much of the circuit of the Monaco Grand Prix?

10: Prince of Monaco for fifty-six years, this man brought Monaco into the United Nations and abolished capital punishment.

Some of the minor characters in this work include Telegin, nicknamed "Waffles" because of his pockmarked face, and Maria Vasilevna, the title character's mother. Astrov is a country doctor whom the author constantly describes as "eccentric" and "strange", but he also somehow manages to win the hearts of both Sonya and Yelena. At the end, the title character attempts to shoot Professor Serebryakov after the Professor announces that he wants to sell his estate. Based off "The Wood Demon", a previous work by the same author, this is, FTP, what play by Anton Chekhov?

10: Treplyov shoots himself after tearing up his manuscript in this play, which also features a scene in which Konstantin shoots the title creature and offers it to Nina.

Markovnikov's rule states that in hydrohalogenation reactions involving these, the hydrogen bonds to the carbon with the most hydrogens and the halogen bonds to the carbon with the fewest. A member of this group of compounds is also a plant hormone which promotes the ripening of fruit. Commonly synthesized by cracking petroleum, they also serve as important monomers to form many plastics. Their presence results in sp2 bonds as seen in both cis and trans isomers. FTP name this group of organic compounds, contrasted with alkanes, that contain a carbon-carbon double bond.

10: Carbon bonded to an oxygen bonded to a hydrogen

A large number of highly innovative techniques were utilized in its recording, including one of the first uses of automatic double tracking. According to one of the band members, the Beach Boys' album Pet Sounds was a major influence, especially in terms of the orchestral arrangements. Images of Aleister Crowley, Edgar Allan Poe, Karl Marx and a host of other famous people from throughout history are portrayed on the cover. Some of the songs on the album were covered by Joe Cocker and his backing band, such as "With a Little Help From My Friends." FTP, name this 1967 concept album by the Beatles, featuring such classics as "She's Leaving Home", "Fixing a Hole", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," and "A Day in the Life".

10: This group's "Are You Experienced?" included such hits as "Purple Haze", "Foxey Lady", "Red House" and "Fire".

TOSSUP 11

Prebattle concerns were voiced by Sir Henry Rawlinson, who believed that the attacking side's doctrine was completely wrong and that a "bite and hold" approach was necessary. "Bite and hold" would have prevented the attackers from securing an advantageous position had they been able to exploit the Ovillers gap, though. Unfortunately, the day the gap appeared, the first of July, saw the attacking British suffer 60,000 losses and so prevented them from irrupting into the German rear. FTP name this battle of the Western Front in World War I, fought to draw German troops away from Verdun.
A: Battle of the Somme

BONUS
Name these other battles of World War I FTPE.

10: This September 1914 campaign saw the end of the Schlieffen Plan as French and British troops rallied on the outskirts of Paris.

Hong-Yee Chiu claimed that the full name of these objects were "clumsily long" and created their contracted name for convenience. The official name has been proven inaccurate, as only a small percentage of these actually emit radio waves. Recent studies have shown that the energy behind them may come from the uniting and breaking of magnetic field lines anchored to supermassive cores. Previous theories based the energy source of these objects on properties similar to those of active galaxies, which are powered by supermassive black holes. FTP, name these extremely bright and distant compact halos, the active nuclei of young galaxies.

10: Though not nearly on the scale of a quasar, this event is defined as bright enough when passing Earth to be noticed by someone not actively looking for it.

He was advised to "draw many lines" by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, his mentor at the University of Paris. After leaving the University, he became a devoted copyist, often visiting the Louvre to copy paintings. His transition from historical subjects to contemporary ones also came at the Louvre through a meeting with Edouard Manet in 1864. After a stint in the National Guard during which he fought in the Franco-Prussian War, he joined a group of young artists in creating one of the first Impressionist exhibitions. During this period he painted such works as the anti-semitic "Portraits, at the Stock Exchange", but he is more famous for creating paintings portraying ballet dancers in motion. FTPE name this French artist who created works such as "The Dance Class".

10: This man of Georgian descent was one of the founders of American ballet. His 1954 staging of The Nutcracker is responsible for making that ballet a Christmas tradition.

A particular type of L-series with an alternating Dirichlet character of period 4, this function is defined to be the sum of an alternating series where the nth term is equal to the reciprocal of 2n+1 raised to the xth power. This function can be rewritten in a variety of ways and may be related explicitly to both the Hurwitz zeta function and gamma function. The value of this series when x=2 is equal to the eponymous Catalan constant. This useful function plays an important role in analytical calculus, especially in the field of complex analysis. FTP, what is this Dirichlet L-series named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet?

5: Appearing in a variety of physical phenomena, this constant is the base of the natural logarithm and roughly equal to 2.718

It currently has some 12 million followers in the world, and 5 million in the United States, where it first began. The Strangites [STRANGE-ites], Bickertonites, and Rigdonites were all separate movements led by the followers of its founder after his death in Carthage, Illinois. However, the best-known group of his supporters eventually settled on the shores of the Great Salt Lake. FTP, name this religion, founded by Joseph Smith, which has the greatest number of adherents in Utah.

10: An offshoot of the Quakers, they settled in New York. Their name comes from the fact that they trembled in God's presence.

In Burmese myth the holy monk Mun-Ha was always accompanied by a white one named Sinh, while in Norse myth Freyja's chariot was drawn by two grey ones. While under torture, the Knights Templar were forced to confess to worshipping them, perhaps a result of Pope Gregory IX?s denunciation of black ones as Satanic. The Egyptian deity Bast was the protector of these animals, and Bubastis, a city devoted to Bast, featured a necropolis where hundreds of mummified forms of these animals were buried. After dying, the souls of Siamese kings were said to be passed on to the Siamese type of, FTP, what animal?

10: One of these creatures was the middle child of Angrboða and Loki, he grew so much that he could wrap himself around the world and grab his tail. He will kill and be killed by Thor at Ragnarök.

The main antagonist in this war's greatest victories managed to secure the support of Capua, but as he lingered in the south, sallying only seldom against the rapidly tightening rings of enemy armies, his victories were undone by operations in the outer empire, including Ilipa, which were won by the son of one of the consuls whom that antagonist had humbled early in the war. That son, Scipio Africanus, would go on to land in Africa and face down with the Carthaginian army in 202 BC and win at Zama. FTP name this conflict in the classical Mediterranean, fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian army under Hannibal Barca.

10: Rome fought a second war against this Hellenic power, led by Philip V, from 200 to 196 after Philip refused to allow this country to become a Roman protectorate.

Valentin is slain after he condemns the title character for impregnating his sister. At the beginning of this work, the title character almost commits suicide before hearing the sound of an Easter celebration outside, which prompts him to go out on a walk with his assistant, Wagner. A poodle follows him home after the walk and eventually turns into a devil, who tells the title character that in exchange for anything he wants in his life on Earth, he must serve the devil in hell. That devil, Mephistopheles, helps the title character win the affections of Gretchen, who eventually drowns her child and is convicted of murder. FTP, name this two-part drama by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe based off a German legend.

10: His 1947 novel Doktor Faustus narrates the life of composer Adrian Leverk�hn. Other works by this man include "Death in Venice" and "The Magic Mountain."

In 2000 a controversy arose over whether examples of this species were to be called Manospondylus gigas instead due to its discovery by Cope thirteen years before it was classified as we now know it today. Tarbosaurus bataar has been thought to be a smaller growth stage of this dinosaur, or perhaps a different species in the same genus. The largest and most famous example of it was called "Sue" and weighed over six tons. FTP name this North American dinosaur, one of the largest land predators in history.

10: This largest of the theropods featured prominently in the 2001 movie Jurassic Park III and has a large dorsal fin on its back.

It has been vehemently argued against because, according to critics, its use does not have the same emotional effect as pieces in the standard harmonic structure, and also because audiences will hear structure in a piece regardless of whether or not that structure is actually there, defeating the artistic purpose of music with this property. Despite these criticisms, composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki (CHRIS-toff PEN-der-ETS-kee), Karlheinz Stockhausen, and principally Arnold Schoenberg composed a vast number of pieces in this style. FTP, name this property of music, which designates music that lacks a central key.

10: This Schoenberg song cycle, considered to be his most influential atonal work, was composed prior to his development of the twelve-tone technique. It was adapted from a French cycle of poems by Albert Giraud with the same name.