Project title: Practical demonstration of scheduling techniques for flowering patio plants
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Antirrhinum cv. LuminaireTM Deep Purple (Antirrhinum majus L.) Many cultivars of antirrhinum (Snapdragons) are quantitative long day plants; they will flower in short days but flower earlier in long days (Cockshull, 1985), flowering also tends to be hastened at higher temperature regimes (Maginnes and Langhans, 1961; Creamer et al., 1998). However, little published information is available on the LuminaireTM line of training Snapdragons. Rooted cuttings were potted up on the 21 January and then pinched on 27 January. The time of bud appearance was hastened by warm temperatures, long daylengths and the use supplementary lighting. Buds appeared 28 days earlier in the 15°C compartments compared with the 5°C compartments. Supplementary lighting hastened bud appearance by 5 days. Long days also hastened bud appearance, this effect was more pronounced in the warm compartments. Long days hastened flowering by 4 days at 5°C compared with 13 days at 15°C. The rate of flower development was only significantly affected by the temperature regime; the time from bud appearance to flower opening was 2 days quicker in the 15°C compartments. As a result flowers opened 30 days earlier in the warm compartments. 
Figure 5. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Antirrhinum cv. LuminaireTM Deep Purple. Photograph taken on 13/04/04. Plants grown at a set-point of 15°C were on average 5cm shorter at flowering when compared to the plants grown at a set-point of 5°C (which flowered much later); 26 compared with 31 cm. Long day lighting with tungsten bulbs also increased the plant height by around 4cm. 
Figure 6. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Antirrhinum cv. LuminaireTM Deep Purple A  ntirrhinum cv. LuminaireTM Harvest Red
(Antirrhinum majus) As with Deep Purple rooted cuttings were potted up on the 21 January and then pinched on 27 January although on average flowered 26 days earlier. The time of bud appearance was hastened by warm temperatures and long daylengths. Buds appeared 22 days earlier in the 15°C compartments compared with the 5°C compartments. Long days hastened bud appearance by 10 days. The rate of flower development was only significantly affected by the temperature regime; the time from bud appearance to flower opening was 5 days quicker in the 15°C compartments. As a result flowers opened 27 days earlier in the warm compartments. Plants grown at a set-point of 15°C were on average 3cm shorter at flowering when compared to the plants grown at a set-point of 5°C (which flowered much later). However, neither long days nor supplementary lighting had a significant effect on plant height at flowering. 
Figure 7. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Antirrhinum cv. LuminaireTM Harvest Red. Photograph taken on 19/03/04. 
Figure 8. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Antirrhinum cv. LuminaireTM Harvest Red A  rgyranthemum cv. Sultans Dream
(Argyranthemum frutescens) Argyranthemum (Marguerite Daisy) are short lived perennials which originate from the Canary Islands. There would appear to be little published information about the effects of environment on flowering, although according to Hamrick (2003) Marguerites are long day plants. Rooted cuttings were potted up on 20 January and then pinched on 26 January. The time of bud appearance was hastened by warm temperatures. Buds appeared 9 days earlier in the 15°C compartments compared with the 5°C compartments. Supplementary lighting hastened bud appearance by on average 5 days. The rate of flower development was only significantly affected by the temperature regime; the time from bud appearance to flower opening was 6 days less in the 15°C compartments. As a result flowers opened 16 days earlier in the warm compartments. Plants were on average 31cm tall (to the flower) at marketing. However, none of the treatments had a significant effect on the plant height. 
Figure 9. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Argyranthemum cv. Sultans Dream. Photograph taken on 01/04/04. 
Figure 10. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Argyranthemum cv. Sultans Dream B  acopa cv. Snowflake
(Sutera cordata) According to Hamrick (2003), Bacopa are day neutral, although flowering is intensified at higher light levels and temperatures below 18°C. Rooted cuttings, which arrived pinched, were potted up on 7 January. Most of the plants already had buds and so the time of visible bud could not be recorded. A few of the plants also had open flowers on arrival; however, these flowers soon dropped and so were ignored. Temperature had the biggest effect on flowering time. Increasing the temperature set-point from 5 to 15°C hastened flowering by 27 days. Long day and supplementary lighting also had a significant, although much smaller effect. Both hastened flowering by 4 days. Temperature did not affect the length of the longest shoot at flowering. However, lighting with either tungsten or supplementary lamps increased the shoot length. Long days increased the average length from 17 to 20 cm, while supplementary lighting increased the mean shoot length by just over 2 cm. 
Figure 11. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Bacopa cv. Snowflake. Photograph taken on 04/03/04. 
Figure 12. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Bacopa cv. Snowflake B  idens
(Bidens aurea) Bidens are an herbaceous perennial that is native to the Southern United States. Rooted cuttings were potted up and put into the different treatments on 22 January. The time of bud appearance was hastened by warm temperatures; buds appeared 7 days earlier in the 15°C compartments compared with in the 5°C compartments. Warmer temperatures also hastened the flower development by around 11 days and as a result these plants flowered on average 18 days earlier. The lighting treatments did not have a significant effect on the time of bud appearance or flower opening. The length of the longest shoot was affected by all of the treatments. Shoot length was 35 cm in the 15°C compartments, compared with 21 cm in the 5°C compartments. Lighting with tungsten and supplementary lamps increased shoot length by 6 cm and 8 cm, respectively. 
Figure 13. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Bidens. Photograph taken on 12/03/04. 
Figure 14. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Bidens aurea. D  iascia cv. Joyce’s Choice
(Diascia) Diascia are insensitive to daylength, although flowering is promoted by higher light levels (Hamrick, 2003). Rooted cuttings of Diascia were potted up on 22 January. These plants had been pinched prior to delivery. Warm temperatures and supplementary lighting hastened bud appearance. Buds were visible 25 days earlier in the 15°C compartments compared with the low temperature compartments. Supplementary lighting hastened bud appearance on average by 7 days. The effects on the time from bud appearance to flower opening were less pronounced, although again temperature had a significant effect (4 days). The overall effect was that plants grown at a set-point of 15°C flowered after 78 days compared with 106 days in the low temperature regime. The only treatment to have a significant effect on the length of the longest shoot was supplementary lighting. This interacted with temperature such that the difference between lit and unlit plants was greater (those lit with supplementary lights were 7cm longer) in the 15°C compartments. 
Figure 15. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Diascia cv. Joyce’s Choice. Photograph taken on 13/04/04. 
Figure 16. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Diascia cv. Joyce’s Choice. F  elicia cv. Blue
(Felicia amelloides) Blue Felicia (Blue Marguerite) is an evergreen perennial that originates from Southern Africa. Rooted cuttings were potted up on 22 January and were then pinched on 6 February. The only treatment to significantly affect the time of bud appearance was supplementary lighting; this hastened bud appearance by 4 days. However, temperature affected the subsequent flower development. The time from bud appearance to flowering was hastened by 7 days in the warm compartments. Overall the first flowers opened after 101 days in the 15°C compartments compared with 111 days at 5°C. The length of the longest shoot was increased by both long day lighting and warm temperatures. Long days increased shoot length by 6 cm, while increasing the temperature increased the length by 5 cm. 
Figure 15. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Blue Felicia. Photograph taken on 10/05/04. 
Figure 16. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Blue Felicia. F  uchsia cv. Alice Hoffman
(Fuchsia x hybrida) The genus Fuchsia is comprised of some 100 species of woody shrubs which are native to Mexico, Patagonia, New Zealand and Tahiti. While some cultivars are day neutral, most cultivars are long day plants; some have an obligate response while others have a quantitative response (Wilkins, 1985). Flower development tends to occur independent of daylength once flowers have initiated. Temperature has a greater effect on flower development than on flower initiation (Wilkins, 1985). Rooted cuttings of Alice Hoffman were potted up on 22 January and then pinched on 3 February. Buds were visible on average after 92 days although this duration was significantly affected by temperature and daylength. These two factors interacted such that plants were more responsive to long days in the warm compartments. Long day lighting hastened bud appearance by 4 days in the 5°C compartments compared with 17 days in the 15°C compartments. Increasing the temperature set-point hastened bud appearance by 37 days under long days and 25 days in the natural daylength compartments. 
Figure 17. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Alice Hoffman. Photograph taken on 10/05/04. Treatments had little effect on the time from bud appearance to flower opening. However, due to their effects on time of bud appearance flower opening was affected by both temperature and daylength. Plants grown at a set-point of 5°C under a natural daylength flowered after 140 days, compared with 98 days with a 15°C set-point and long days. Plant height was increased as a result of long day lighting, this increased height by on average 5 cm. This effect was greater in the 5°C compartments. 
Figure 18. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Alice Hoffmann. F  uchsia cv. Barbara Windsor
(Fuchsia x hybrida) Rooted cuttings of Barbara Windsor were potted up on 22 January and then pinched on 3 February. Buds were visible on average after 102 days, although this duration was significantly affected by temperature and daylength. Again these two factors interacted such that plants were more responsive to long days in the warm compartments. Long day lighting hastened bud appearance by 7 days in the 5°C compartments compared with 20 days in the 15°C compartments. Increasing the temperature set-point hastened bud appearance by 12 days under a natural daylength compared with 25 days under long days. In this cultivar supplementary lighting also hastened bud appearance, although only by 3 days. Warmer temperatures hastened bud development by on average 2 days. The combined effects were such that long days combined with a warmer temperature regime hastened flower opening by 33 days compared with the low temperature natural daylength regime. Supplementary lighting hastened flowering by a further 4 days. Increasing the temperature regime tended to increase growth and increased plant height by 10 cm. Long day lighting with tungsten lamps increased plant height by 7 cm. 
Figure 19. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Barbara Windsor. Photograph taken on 10/05/04. 
Figure 20. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Barbara Windsor. F  uchsia cv. Betty
(Fuchsia x hybrida) Rooted cuttings of Betty were potted up on 2 February. These had been pinched prior to delivery, although half of the plants were pinched again on 4 March. Pinching delayed bud appearance by 6 days. Buds appeared on average 13 days earlier in the warm compartments and 4 days sooner under long days. The response to daylength was, however, greater in the warmer compartments and on plants that were not re-pinched. In some treatments long days hastened bud appearance by 10 days. Supplementary lighting also had a significant effect, this hastened bud appearance by 3 days. The only treatment to have a marked effect on the rate of flower development was temperature. Increasing the temperature set-point shortened the period from visible bud to open flower by 7 days. On average plants flowered after 92 days. Overall warmer temperatures hastened flower opening by 20 days. Long day lighting hastened flowering by 4 days on average, although as already discussed the effect of long day lighting was greater (up to 11 days) in some treatments. Supplementary lighting had a smaller effect. 
Figure 21. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Betty. Photograph taken on 28/04/04. Pinching reduced the height at flower opening by 2 cm, while increasing the temperature increased height by just over 1 cm. The treatment having the greatest impact on height (6 cm) was long day lighting. The effect of long day lighting was reduced when plants were pinched. Only pinched prior to potting up Re-pinched  
Figure 22. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Betty. F  uchsia cv. Dark Eyes
(Fuchsia x hybrida) Rooted cuttings of Dark Eyes were potted up on 2 February. These had been pinched prior to delivery, although half of the plants were pinched again on 4 March. The second pinching delayed bud appearance by 14 days. Buds appeared on average 32 days earlier in the warm compartments and 18 days sooner under long days. The response to daylength was again greater in the warmer compartments and on plants that were not re-pinched. In some treatments long days hastened bud appearance by 30 days. Supplementary lighting did not have a significant effect. Temperatures affected bud development; this phase was hastened by 4 days in the warm compartments. Overall plants flowered 37 days sooner when grown at a set-point of 15°C compared with 5°C. The overall effect of daylength was similar to that described for bud appearance. Plants that were not re-pinched and grown at 15°C under long days flowered after 73 days, compared with 133 days at 5°C with a natural daylength. Pinching reduced the length of the longest shoot at flowering by 3 cm, whereas increasing the temperature increase the shoot length by 3 cm. Long day lighting had a similar effect; this also increased the shoot length by 3cm. 
Figure 23. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Dark Eyes. Photograph taken on 10/05/04. 
Only pinched prior to potting up Re-pinched 
Figure 24. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Dark Eyes F  uchsia cv. Deep Purple
(Fuchsia x hybrida) Rooted cuttings of Deep Purple were potted up on 22 January. These had been pinched prior to delivery, although half of the plants were pinched again on 3 March. Pinching delayed bud appearance by 20 days. Buds appeared on average 29 days earlier in the warm compartments. Plants only responded to long days when they were not pinched a second time; long days hastened bud appearance by 24 days. Plants that were re-pinched showed little response to daylength. Supplementary lighting did not have a significant effect on the time of bud appearance. None of the treatments had a consistent effect on the time from visible bud to flower opening and so the overall effects of the treatments on the time to flowering was similar to that for bud appearance. Supplementary lighting increased shoot length by 5 cm. Plants that were not pinched a second time had shoots that were 9 cm longer in the warm compared with cool compartments. 
Figure 25. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Deep Purple. Photograph taken on 25/05/04. 
Only pinched prior to potting up Re-pinched 
Figure 26. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Deep Purple F  uchsia cv. Gene
(Fuchsia x hybrida) Rooted cuttings of Deep Purple were potted up on 2 February. These had been pinched prior to delivery, although half of the plants were pinched again on 4 March. Pinching delayed bud appearance by 5 days. Buds appeared on average 25 days earlier in the warmer compartments, 12 days earlier under long days, and 3 days earlier as a result of supplementary lighting. The time from bud appearance to flower opening was hastened slightly in the warmer compartments. Overall plants flowered after an average of 111 days in the cool compartments compared with 80 days in the warmer compartments. Daylength and supplementary lighting did not have a significant effect on the rate of flower development, and so the differences in overall time to flower were similar to those described for bud appearance. The effects of the treatments on the length of the longest shoot was minimal, although plants grown in the warm compartments tended to have shoots 2 cm longer compared with those in the cooler compartments. 
Figure 27. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Gene. Photograph taken on 28/04/04. 
Only pinched prior to potting up Re-pinched 
Figure 28. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Gene F  uchsia cv. Liza
(Fuchsia x hybrida) Rooted cuttings of Liza were potted up on 2 February. These had been pinched prior to delivery, although half of the plants were pinched again on 4 March. Pinching delayed bud appearance by 10 days. Buds appeared 27 days earlier in the warmer compartments and on average 17 days earlier under long days. However, the response to daylength was affected by pinching. Long days hastened bud appearance by 24 days in plants that were not re-pinched, compared with 10 days in re-pinched plants. Temperature was the only treatment to affect the rate of bud development. The time from visible bud to flower opening was hastened by 5 days in the warm compartments. Plants grown at a set-point of 5°C flowered after 124 days from potting up compared with 91 days when grown at 15°C. The effects of daylength on flower opening were similar to those described for bud appearance. Overall supplementary lighting reduced flowering time by 3 days. The treatments had a negligible effect on the plant height at flowering. 
Figure 29. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Liza. Photograph taken on 28/04/04. 
Only pinched prior to potting up Re-pinched 
Figure 30. The effect of temperature, daylength and supplementary lighting on Fuchsia cv. Liza |