Project G. L. A. D. La Habra City School District California Ocean Habitats Level 4 Idea Pages
|
|  Yüklə 445 Kb.
|
Angler Fish Expert GroupAdult deep sea angler fish live in the bathypelagic or midnight zone of the ocean. That zone is approximately 3,000 to 13,000 feet down. The angler fish lives mostly in the Atlantic and Antarctic Oceans. Adult angler fish release their eggs which float to the ocean surface where the eggs become young fish called fry. The fry feed on plankton. When the fry begin to mature, they move to the deeper levels of the oceans. 
The female deep sea anglers are fierce predators of other small and juvenile fish. They have powerful jaws filled with sharp teeth. Their distending stomachs allow them to swallow prey larger than they are. Some of their diet consists of dogfish, skate, cod, and sandeels. 
Because deep sea angler fish live where there is no light they use bioluminescence to catch their prey. Bioluminescence is caused by millions of light -producing bacteria inside the fish. A spine of the females’ dorsal fin acts as a fishing rod tipped with fleshy “bait” which glows. Other fish are attracted to the bait and then get eaten by the angler. The adult male angler is very small and attaches himself to the larger female by biting and, eventually, fusing to her. He remains a permanent parasite on the female taking his food from her bloodstream. His eyes and internal organs eventually disappear. 
The deep sea angler fish are of the Lophiformes order. Their scientific name is Lophius piscatorius. The adult deep sea angler female is always much larger than the male. The female can grow to be 3 - 4 feet long while the adult male only grows to be about 4 - 6 inches long. Usually, however, the female is much smaller than 3 -4 feet. Deep sea angler fish have no pectoral fin. 
Sea Cucumber Expert Group Sea cucumbers are cylinder-shaped invertebrate animals that live in seas worldwide. Sea cucumbers live in several different ocean zones, from the intertidal zone to the cold deep sea trenches of the abyssal zone. The abyssal zone is located from 13,000 feet to 20,000 feet. 
The body of the sea cucumber is soft, elongated, leathery, muscular, and is covered in spines. Some sea cucumbers are dark green, however most species are black or dark red-brown. Five double rows of tube feet run along the body and are used for crawling along the sea bed or anchoring to a rock. Sea cucumbers are decomposers that eat decaying matter or plankton that float in the water or in the sand. The sea cucumber has ten to thirty tentacles around its mouth it uses to sweep in water or food. Sea Cucumbers have bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry. Bilateral symmetry means that you can cut them down the centre and end up with two exact halves. Radial symmetry means that an organism can be divided into equal pieces along many planes.
Sea cucumbers have many adaptations. Sea cucumbers can expel most of their internal organs to confuse predators. They later grow their organs back within a few weeks. Some sea cucumbers’ bodies contain toxins that can deter attackers. Some sea cucumbers have soft spikes covering their body, which may trick predators into thinking they are hard spikes. Sea turtles, crustaceans, many fish, and people eat sea cucumbers.
Sea cucumbers are part of the family echinoderm, which means spiny skinned. They are in the same family as a sea urchin, sea star, and sand dollar.
Background Information Ocean, Cradle of Life Archaebacteria Characteristics: Bacteria lives near deep ocean vents, Harsh anaerobic (no oxygen) environments Microscopic one-celled bacteria
Most are microscopic, Absorb, ingest, or use photosynthesis to get food Examples: Algae, Giant Kelp Fungi Characteristics: Absorbs food Examples: Molds, Mushrooms Plantae Characteristics: Photosynthesize food- makes its own food Examples: Sea Lettuce Animal Kingdom Invertebrates- No Backbone Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) Characteristics: 9,500 species radial symmetry, mouth surrounded by tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes) free swimming and stationary, captures prey with tentacles
Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Coral, Longest animal in the world- 120 feet long jellyfish Phylum Annelida Characteristics: Segmented Body, Complete digestive tract with two ends, Body- tube within a tube Examples: Giant Tube Worms Phylum Mollusca Characteristics: 110,000 Species Soft bodies, strong muscular foot—used for movement and grasping Some protected by shells
Segmented body covered by exoskeleton, Must molt to be able to grow, jointed legs Examples: Shrimp, Blue Crab, Spiny Lobster, Hermit Crab Phylum Porifera Characteristics: 10,000 species No symmetry, Many colors, No brains Stationary--Sits in one place most of its life with food brought to it Covered by skin with holes (small pores) and a few larger openings Pumps water through body (canals), squirts out top, Spicules act as a skeleton gives it structure Examples: Sponges Phylum Echinodermata Characteristics: 6,000 species spiny skinned, no central brain, radial symmetry, 5-part symmetry No distinct front/back just top/bottom, Tube feet, Some stationary, slow-moving 90% of the animals on the deep-ocean floor Examples: Sand Dollar, Sea Cucumber, Starfish, Sea Urchin Animal Kingdom Vertebrates- With a backbone Phylum Chordata-45,000 species Class Mammalia Characteristics: 4,500 species Hair, fur, produce milk, Females give birth to live young, Specialized teeth Warm-blooded- controls own body temperature (endothermic), solid bones
cold-blooded (can't regulate their body temperature) skin covered in scales or scutes (patches of bony or horny skin) legs are short or entirely absent, most are oviparous (they lay eggs) Examples: Green Sea Turtle Class Osteichthyes Characteristics: 29,000 species bony fish, cold-blooded, Excellent smell, acute eyesight Special Adaptation to remain buoyant- swim bladder (gas-filled chamber) Breathe without swimming by moving operculum (flap covering gills) Paired fins, many teeth, numerous vertebrae, scales
Good predators, excellent smell, bad eyesight, Lateral Line, senses movement nearby Examples: Sharks, Rays, Skates Class Agnatha Characteristics: Similar to fish- No paired fins, Jawless Examples: Lamprey Eel Class Aves Characteristics: 8,000 species Wings for flight, feathers, and a beak rather than teeth Bones and skull are very thin and light
Found Poetry Adapted from National Geographic (Oct. 1977 & Oct. 1996)
As we dive to the deep ocean depths, we observe shimmering water streams up past giant tubeworms, never before seen by man. A white crab scuttles over lava encrusted with limpets, while a pink fish basks in the warmth. Inside the research submersible Alvin we watch in amazement. We have dived a mile and a half into the near-freezing ocean depths of the Pacific. We hover over an incredible community living around a warm sea-floor spring. We came to investigate active hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. The unknown creatures and dense communities of life we have discovered living at these vents, like lush oases in a sunless desert, are a phenomenon totally new to science. Peering through the porthole of the submersible reveals eccentric beauties, as the teetering spires of a sulfide chimney and spiny sea stars combing currents for food. In the pitch-black world of a deep-sea vent, life is driven by chemosynthesis: Micro-organisms like bacteria convert the chemicals from vents into body mass. Hordes of translucent shrimp graze on these microorganisms. Date: _____________ Project GLAD California Ocean Habitats
Parent Signature _________________ Student Signature ________________ Date: _____________ Project GLAD California Ocean Habitats
Parent Signature _________________ Student Signature ________________ Date: _____________ Project GLAD California Ocean Habitats
Parent Signature _________________ Student Signature ________________ Date: _____________ Project GLAD California Ocean Habitats
Parent Signature _________________ Student Signature ________________
1Susan McCoy & Emily Flesher 5/03 |