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Presidency Chart: William McKinley (25th) 1897-1901 The Election of 1896


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Presidency Chart: William McKinley (25th) 1897-1901

The Election of 1896:


Nominees: Wm. McKinley (GOP)

Wm. Jennings Bryan (Democrat/Populist)




  • The 1896 campaign is often considered to be a realigning election. Why? Republicans gain back control of House, Senate and Presidency for about twenty years.

  • McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented

    • he was strongest in the Northeast and industrial Midwestern states

  • Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans

    • He was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states

Issue= bimetallism, the gold standard, Free Silver, and the tariff

  • Mark Hanna invented many modern campaign techniques in this election.

  • McKinley had a “front porch” campaign where the media came to him.

  • Bryan had a “whistle stop stump” campaign in a “get out the vote” mentality.

  • Bryan was a great orator and gave the infamous “Cross of Gold Speech” in 1896.

  • The election of 1896 still to this day has the highest voter turnout.

  • This is the “Wizard of Oz” Election.



The Election of 1900:

Nominees: Wm. McKinley (GOP)

Wm. Jennings Bryan (Democrat)

ISSUE= "Does the Constitution follow the flag?" (Insular cases)


  • a rematch of the 1896 race

  • The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish-American War helped McKinley win

Democrats Issue = bring back silver; free silver (It was not as successful in 1900 because of the improved economy and because gold was being inflated by new production from Alaska and South Africa)

GOP slogan = “Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail”



 

Major Items during McKinley’s Presidency:


New Imperialism (Mahan, Lodge, Beveridge, Strong)

  • term used by Marxists

  • saw "imperialism" as the economic and political dominance of "monopolistic finance capital" in the most advanced countries and its acquisition — and enforcement through the state — of control of the means (and hence the returns) of production in less developed regions

  • Mahan- wrote a book saying we need to build up a bigger army in order to be on top


Spanish-American War (April – July, 1898)

  • a military conflict between Spain and the United States

  • peace= Treaty of Paris (December 1898)= gave the United States ownership of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.

  • war began after the American demand of Spain peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected--- strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the govt. to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.

  •  Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship USS Maine to indicate high national interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion.


Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

  • For most of the 1800s, leaders in Washington were concerned that Hawaii might become part of a European nation's empire.

  • In 1842, Secretary of State Daniel Webster sent a letter to Hawaiian agents in Washington affirming U.S. interests in Hawaii and opposing annexation by any other nation

  • He also proposed to Great Britain and France that no nation should seek special privileges or engage in further colonization of the islands

  • In 1849, the United States and Hawaii concluded a treaty of friendship that served as the basis of official relations between the parties

  • Hawaii's economy became increasingly integrated with the United States. Hawaii was good for U.S. business, so Republicans begin to want to annex it.

  • An 1875 trade reciprocity treaty further linked the two countries and U.S. sugar plantation owners from the United States came to dominate the economy and politics of the islands (Dole)

  • Pres. Cleveland (Democrat) sympathized with the Hawaiians wanting to keep their independence. After he loses election Pres. Harrison (GOP) pushes to annex and take it from their Queen Liliulakuani. After Harrison loses re-election bid Pres. Cleveland saves it for the Queen. Pres. McKinley (Republican) finishes Harrison’s job and annexes Hawaii.

  • The Republican business owners wanted Hawaii to be part of the U.S. so they wouldn’t have to pay the high tariffs on its goods.


Teller Amendment (1898)

  • Condition that the United States would use its military so that Cuba would gain its independence from Spain.

  • U.S. could not annex Cuba; had to technically leave "control of the island to its people”

    • BUT U.S. will later manipulate it to make Cuba a “protectorate” country.


Platt Amendment (1901)

  • Amendment to Cuban Constitution that stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until 1934

  • Ceded to the United States the naval base in Cuba (Guantánamo Bay), stipulated that Cuba would not transfer Cuban land to any power other than the United States

  • Mandated that Cuba would contract no foreign debt without guarantees that the interest could be served from ordinary revenues, ensured U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs when the United States deemed necessary

  • Prohibited Cuba from negotiating treaties with any country other than the United States "which will impair or to impair the independence of Cuba" or "permit any foreign power or powers to obtain ... lodgement in or control over any portion" of Cuba, and provided for a formal treaty detailing all the foregoing provisions

  • Repealed in 1934 (FDRoosevelt)


Filipino Insurrection/ Filipino-American War (1899-1902)

  • An armed military conflict between the United States of America and the First Philippine Republic

  • Arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines

  • The conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups surrendered in 1913

  • RESULT= The Philippines becomes a U.S. territory

  • US casualties= 4,380 soldiers dead; 3,100+ wounded

  • Filipino casualties= 16,000 soldiers died; est. 250,000 to 1,000,000 civilians died of war (through combatants of both sides), famine, or disease


Puerto Rico – Foraker Act (1900)

  • Established civilian (limited power) government on the island of Puerto Rico

  • The new government had:

1. a governor and an executive council appointed by the pres.

2. a House of Representatives w/ 35 elected members

3. a judicial system w/ a Supreme Court

4. a non-voting Resident Commissioner in Congress

5. the Executive Council was all appointed (5 individuals were selected from island residents while

the rest were from those in top cabinet positions, including attorney general and chief of police)--

--also appointed by the President

6. the Insular Supreme Court was also appointed



7. all federal laws of the United States were to be in effect on the island

Insular cases (1901)

  • The cases were in essence the court's response to a major issue of the United States presidential election, 1900 and the American Anti-Imperialist League

  • the Supreme Court said that full constitutional rights did not automatically extend to all areas under American control


Open Door Notes

  • a concept of opening doors for persons in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China


Boxer Rebellion

  • a Chinese rebellion from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty)

  • The Boxers began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant-based movement in northern China

  • They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui, as well as Christians, who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China


Gold Standard Act or Currency Act (1900)

  • established gold as the only standard for redeeming paper money

  • stopped bimetallism

  • REPUBLICANS= DEMOCRATS=


Progressive Era (1901-1919)

  • a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s through the 1920s

  • Progressives strongly opposed waste and corruption

  • they sought change in regard to worker's rights and protection of the ordinary citizen in general

  • Initially the movement was successful at local level, and then it progressed to state and gradually national

  • The reformers (and their opponents) were predominantly members of the middle class

  • Women came to the forefront in the Progressive era and proved their value as social workers

  • The Progressives pushed for social justice, general equality and public safety, but there were contradictions within the movement, especially regarding race.

  • Almost all major politicians declared their adherence to some progressive measures

  • Significant changes 16th, 17th, 18th & 19th Amendment

  • Muckrakers= journalists who exposed waste, corruption, and scandal in the highly influential new medium of national magazines

  • Progressives shared a common belief in the ability of science, technology and disinterested expertise to identify all problems and come up with the one best solution.

  • Progressives moved to enable the citizenry to rule more directly and circumvent political bosses California and Oregon established the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

  • About 16 states began using primary elections

  • Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments

  • Belief in mankind's ability to improve environment & conditions of life

  • Belief in obligation to intervene in economic and social affairs

  • Belief in ability of experts and in efficacy of government intervention

  • Favorable attitude toward urban-industrial society


McKinley’s Assassination (Sept., 1901)

  • Took place at the Temple of Music, in Buffalo, New York.

  • shot twice by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist

  • McKinley initially appeared to be recovering from his wounds, but took a turn for the worse six days after the shooting

  • Theodore Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as President

  • After McKinley's murder Congress officially charge the United States Secret Service w/ the physical protection of American presidents



 

 









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