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Planning for the Scientific Exploration of Mars by Humans By the mepag human Exploration of Mars Science Analysis Group (hem-sag)


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Research Plan and Schedule


Atmospheric reference mission activities would take place as part of a multi-disciplinary mission. Frequency and timing of atmospheric activities would be important. Activities would be scheduled at regular intervals in order to sample diurnal and seasonal cycles usefully, but some flexibility is required for response to interesting weather conditions or results.

The estimates below are given for atmospheric activities only, and assume that general site acclimatization and survey and traverse activities are planned in addition. For example, if a crew would be investigating a site of biological interest, 1 sol/2 people would be added to the plan in order to install a met station installed in the vicinity, 2 sols/2 people may be added to the plan to perform campaigns at the site using portable instrumentation.

Site characterization and planning — 2 people @ 10 sols

Installation of met stations — 2 people @ 1 sol per site — assume minimum of 5 sites

Maintenance — 1 person @ 1 sol per 30 sols

6 times over course of 500 sol mission – once per season + 2 to respond to weather events:



  • 2 people @ 3 sols

  • Tethered balloon campaigns (3 sols, one profile per two hours)

  • Radiosonde releases (1 sol, midnight, midday)

  • Campaigns with portable lidar instrumentation — 3 sols

6 times over course of 500 sol mission, 2 people @ 3 sols:

Vertical Mobility Requirements


There are requirements to access both the subsurface and the atmosphere. Subsurface requirements are modest, with depths to <2 m to install heat flow, temperature and conductivity probes. Atmospheric vertical access would be required for detailed profiles of the bottom two scale heights (~20 km) of the atmosphere. The lower boundary layer may be accessed by tethered balloon (a balloon and winch system <1 km), the higher levels would require release of balloons with a radio-tracking system. These systems are outlined under science capabilities required.

Horizontal Mobility Requirements


For microclimate reasons, there would be high value in atmospheric investigations taking place at many sites of biological and geological interest. Access to those sites would follow the same mobility requirements as biology/geology. Additional mobility around the site would be required for atmospheric studies to follow topography, for topography-related and upwind/downwind types of investigations, or following gradients in trace species. This additional mobility requirement is of order 1-10 km, and would be required to transport equipment including for example a balloon winch, or a met station, and 2 people.

Science Capabilities Required


The HSRM Atmosphere/Climate Scientific Capabilities are summarized in Table 8.

Table 8. Proposed HSRM Atmosphere/Climate Scientific Capabilities




1. Atmosphere-surface interactions: Dynamics, heat and mass balance

1.1


Monitor basic atmospheric state at reference height above surface ( 2m?)

MET station:

Instrumented mast –sonic anemometer (3 heights), temperature (3 heights), pressure, humidity, radiation (net,LW,SW), dust particle counter

Soil heat and conductivity probes

Soil temperature profile



1.2

Monitor the radiation and heat balance for surface-atmospheric exchange and solar forcing

1.3

Monitor temperature, wind, dust and cloud through the depth of the boundary layer (2 scale heights ~20 km)

Upward looking thermal IR spectroscopic sounder (water vapor, dust, temperature)
Tethered balloon & winch & gondola – sonic anemometer, temperature, pressure, humidity, camera

Radiosonde balloon – temperature, pressure, wind, humidity


Portable doppler lidar (wind)

Portable Raman/imaging lidar (dust)

DC electric field sensors

Portable DIAL (water vapour)


Surface accumulation measurements (dust/ice)

Microscope analysis of dust



1.4

Monitor the mass balance for dust and volatile components

1.5

Investigate processes that influence the mass balance for dust and volatile components

1.5

Assess the impact of latitude, longitude, season and local time

Diurnal cycle campaign: tethered balloon sounding each two hours, portable instrumentation deployment

Seasonal cycle campaign: 3 days of diurnal cycle campaigns, 6 times over mission, radiosonde release midday/midnight



2. Atmosphere-surface interactions: Atmospheric volatiles & chemistry

2.1

Measure atmospheric composition (trace,isotopes)

Isotope mass spectrometer (2-10 0amu)
Sample processing system

pH, wet chemistry, microscope



2.2

Measure physical and chemical properties of the regolith

2.3

Measure the deposition of chemically-active gases, such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide, to the Mars surface.

2.4

Search for gases of biogenic (methane, ammonia, etc.) and volcanic (sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) origin and determine their source(s).

Portable laser diode system or FTIR for ~100 pptv detection limits

2.5

Search for sources of atmospheric water vapor.

2.6

Assess the impact of latitude, longitude, season and local time on atmospheric composition and on the photochemistry of trace atmospheric gases.

Chemistry campaign: 3 days, 6 times over mission

In Rover 


Meteorological sounding equipment would be deployed at specific locations/grids during initial roving operations (deployed MET station and upward looking spectroscopic remote sounders). These stations would be self-operating once positioned. Requirements would be of order 5 sites at <10 kg each.

With Astronauts on Eva


In addition to the autonomous meteorological stations indicate above (IN ROVER), a program of tethered balloon campaigns and radiosondes are envisioned to be released at the landing site with a specific frequency. Tethered balloons + winch system ~15 kg. On the earth, radiosonde balloon and sonde packages are of order several kg each for stratospheric sounding.With the Marian low atmospheric pressure, larger balloons may be necessary to reach desired 5-10 km altitudes (although lower gravity and higher CO2 mass density help). Of order 12 such released balloon sondes would be desired, with two releases (midday, midnight) each on 6 days spaced throughout the mission.
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