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Phylum Porifera sponges Phylum Cnidaria


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QUEST

MARE/BIOL 264

Invertebrate Identification List
I. Species List:
Phylum Porifera - sponges
Phylum Cnidaria - corals
Cyphastrea ocellina

Fungia scutaria - mushroom coral

Leptastrea bottae

Leptastrea purpurea

Montipora flabellata - blue rice coral

Montipora patula - ringed rice coral

Montipora verrucosa - rice coral

Palythoa tuberculosa - rubber coral

Pavona duerdeni

Pavona varians - false brain coral

Pocillopora damicornis - lace coral

Pocillopora eydouxi - elkhorn coral

Pocillopora meandrina - cauliflower coral

Porites compressa - finger coral

Porites evermanni

Porites lobata - lobe coral

Porites rus

Tubastraea coccinea - tube coral

Zoanthus pacificus
Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Phylum Mollusca
Conus spp. - cone shells

Cypraea caputserpentis - snakehead cowry

Cypraea tigris - tiger cowry

Hexabranchus sanguineus - Spanish dancer

Morula spp. & Drupa spp.- thaidids

Octopus spp. - octopus
Phylum Annelida
Eurythoe complanata - fire worm

Lanice conchilega - spaghetti worm

Sabellastarte sanctijosephi - feather duster worm

Spirobranchus giganteus - Christmas tree worm
Phylum Arthropoda
Carpilius maculatus - 7-11 crab

hermit crabs



Panulirus marginatus - spiny lobster

Paribaccus antarcticus - brown slipper lobster

Podophthalmus sp. - swimming crab

Stenopus hispidus - barber pole shrimp
Phylum Echinodermata
Acanthaster planci - crown-of-thorns seastar

Actinopyga mauritiana - speckled sea cucumber

Chondrocidaris gigantae - rough spined urchin

Colobocentrotus atratus - shingle urchin

Culcita novaeguineae - cushion seastar

Echinometra mathaei - rock boring urchin

Echinometra oblonga - black boring urchin

Echinothrix calamaris - banded sea urchin

Echinothrix diadema - black sea urchin

Heterocentrotus mammillatus - slate pencil urchin

Holothuria atra - black sea cucumber

Linckia multifora - pink seastar

Ophiocoma spp. - brittlestars

Ophiodesoma spectabilis - sea worm sea cucumber

Tripneustes gratilla - collector urchin
Phylum Chordata - tunicates
II. Species descriptions:
Phylum Porifera - sponges

Description: encrusting or vase-shaped masses covered with small pores; often brightly colored; spicules give sponges a "gritty" feel

Habitat: on hard substrates

Phylum Cnidaria - corals

Cyphastrea ocellina

Growth form: small encrustation's or mushroom-shaped clumps; light reddish brown.

Fine structure: calices small (1-5 mm), crowded, elevated above surface, randomly oriented in clumps; calyx wall thick and jagged.

Habitat: reef flat and tide pools

Fungia scutaria - mushroom coral

Growth form: solitary coral on large (4-28 cm), free, elliptical plates; green to dark brown.

Fine structure: septa of uniform dimensions radiating out from central depression; septa thin and serrated.

Habitat: reef flats, frequently in crevices or depressions.

Leptastrea bottae

Growth form: small, globular encrustation's; olive-green to yellow-brown.

Fine structure: calices large (3.5 mm) and well separated with individual walls; elevated primary septa.

Habitat: reef flats exposed to sand scour.

Leptastrea purpurea

Growth form: large, thin encrusting sheets or rounded lobes; pale brown, green, or purple.

Fine structure: calices large (2-6 mm), funnel-shaped, and share common walls; elevated primary septa form a ridge around the calyx.

Habitat: reef flats and slope to 50 m.

Montipora

General Description: calices separated by open space; papillate projections cover colony.

Montipora flabellata - blue rice coral

Growth form: small, encrusting with irregular lobes; blue to turquoise color.

Fine structure: papillae smaller, sometimes fused to form ridges; calices with elevated collars.

Habitat: exposed areas, shallow water.

Montipora patula - ringed rice coral

Growth form: small, encrusting; chocolate-brown with light borders.

Fine structure: papillae small, forming rings around calyx.

Habitat: reef flat.

Montipora verrucosa - rice coral

Growth form: highly variable, encrusting and plate-like (shallow water) or branching (deep); dark-chocolate with white borders to beige or white.

Fine structure: papillae large, randomly distributed, absent from underside of free margins.

Habitat: all environments, 0-50 m.

Palythoa tubeculosa - rubber coral

Growth form: colony encrusting on substratum; body wall heavily encrusted; color that of encrusting material.

Fine structure: polyps embedded in thick rubber-like sheet of coenenchyme which fills the entire space between the polyps; polyps may be up to 8 mm in diameter.

Habitat: surge pools and reefs.

Pavona

General description: septa continue beyond calyx into open space.

Pavona duerdeni



Growth form: encrusting round, or with rounded disks or lobes; light gray or pale brown.

Fine structure: calices regular and symmetrically arranged.

Habitat: wave-exposed environments.

Pavona varians - false brain coral

Growth form: encrusting globular masses; tan or tan-brown.

Fine structure: elongate, angular steep-sided ridges with calices in valleys; septa line sides of ridges.

Habitat: reef flat and slope.

Pocillopora

General description: branching colonies; calices crowded together on wart-like projections (verrucae) and connected by a network of common walls, ridges, seams, or grooves.

Pocillopora damicornis - lace coral

Growth form: finely branched with many divisions; branches not thicker than a pencil; colonies small, up to 15 cm; bushy-shaped; light to dark brown.

Fine structure: septa and columella poorly developed; walls of terminal calices flare outward.

Habitat: protected areas in shallow water.

Pocillopora eydouxi - elkhorn coral

Growth form: large (up to 80 cm) with thick, cylindrical, vertical branches that lack divisions; brown.

Fine structure: calices have distinct septa and columella.

Habitat: wave-exposed areas, 0-40 m.

Pocillopora meandrina - cauliflower coral

Growth form: heavy, leaf-like branches often forked near the end; brown to pink.

Fine structure: septa and columella poorly developed; calyx irregularly shaped.

Habitat: wave-exposed habitats, 0-30 m.

Tubastraea coccinea - tube coral

Growth form: large (> 1 cm) separate calices on tubular extensions; clump of 10-20 large calices 5-10 cm across; animal orange or black;

Fine structure: calyx wall very thin, porous and composed of glandular ridges; primary and secondary septa distinct; upper edge of septa depressed below.

Habitat: shallow water.

Porites

General description: calices 5-sided polygons; well developed septa and columella give "snowflake" appearance.

Porites compressa - finger coral

Growth form: finger-like branching with porous skeleton; tips of branches usually blunt or flattened; light-brown to yellow.

Fine structure: calices flush with surface; upper septa surface looks like elevated rods.

Habitat: wave-protected areas, 0-50 m.

Porites evermanni

Growth form: resembles P. lobata by forming low, flat-topped or cube-like lobes with rounded edges; gray, brown, or purple.

Fine structure: septa made up of thin plates that form a continuous porous surface; calyx walls form a ring.

Habitat: wave-exposed reef flats.

Porites lobata - lobe coral

Growth form: branches form large lobes, never thin or finger-like; colonies may be huge, covering several meters or more; olive-green, brown, or blue-gray.

Fine structure: calyx sides are membrane-like and elevated into sharp walls.

Habitat: wave-exposed areas, 0-50 m.

Porites rus

Growth form: cylindrical lobes, irregular, or flat plates; blackish-brown with white, yellow, or gray tips.

Fine structure: small, round, shallow calices well separated on the surface.

Habitat: 0-50 m.

Zoanthus pacificus

Growth form: body wall not encrusting; polyps arise from a lamellate coenenchyme and are not crowded.

Fine structure: polyps may be up to 7 mm diameter.

Habitat: shallow water.

Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms

Description: dorso-ventrally flattened worms; lacking dorsal or lateral gills; often brightly colored

Size: up to 5 cm length

Habitat: under rocks and in crevices

Phylum Mollusca - snails, nudibranchs, & octopus

Conus spp. - cone shells

Description: cone-shaped shells in a variety of colors and forms

Size: up to 15 cm length

Habitat: buried in sand and in cracks and crevices; out in the open at night; *** WARNING: these species are poisonous ***

Cypraea caputserpentis - snakehead cowry

Description: small, brown dome-shaped shell with white spots; often covered with a tan mantle studded with tentacles

Size: up to 3 cm length

Habitat: shallow water under rocks and coral rubble

Cypraea tigris - tiger cowry

Description: large, spotted dome-shaped shell; often covered with a mottled mantle studded with tentacles

Size: up to 10 cm length

Habitat: below 10 m on hard substrates

Hexabranchus sanguineus - spanish dancer

Description: dorso-ventrally flattened slug; mottled red and white with a ring of posterior gills and anterior rhinophores

Size: up to 25 cm length

Habitat: feeds on sponges; occasionally swimming

Morula spp. & Drupa spp. - thaidids

Description: robust shells, often covered with tubercules and short spines; aperture occasionally lined with teeth.

Size: to 3 cm length

Habitat: common in shallow and moderately deep coral reefs in small cracks.

Octopus spp. - octopus

Description: 8-arms lined with suckers; mottled-brown and black, often with white spots

Size: up to 1 m length

Habitat: in holes and cracks on the reef; out in the open at night;
* WARNING: these species are poisonous ***

Phylum Annelida - segmented worms

Eurythoe complanata - fire worm

Description: segmented worm with long white bristles protruding laterally; brightly colored

Size: up to 5 cm length

Habitat: under rocks and in coral rubble in shallow water;
*** WARNING: this species is venomous ***

Lanice conchilega - spaghetti worm

Description: long, white tentacles radiating out from a central burrow

Size: up to 1 m length (tentacles)

Habitat: shallow water, buried under rocks and sand

Sabellastarte sanctijosephi - feather duster worm

Description: large, plush, feather-duster like tentacles sticking out of holes

Size: up to 12 cm length (tentacles)

Habitat: shallow water, burrowed on hard substrates

Spirobranchus giganteus - Christmas tree worm

Description: brilliantly colored spiraled fans sticking out of coral; retracts when touched

Size: 3-6 cm length (fans)

Habitat: burrowed inside coral heads

Phylum Arthropoda -- crabs, shrimp, lobsters, etc.

Carpilus maculatus - 7-11 crab

Description: large, oval crab with large claws and numerous dark red spots

Size: up to 15 cm length

Habitat: wedged in cracks on hard substrates

hermit crabs



Description: small crabs living inside of snail shells

Size: up to 9 cm length

Habitat: on sand and in holes in the reef

Panulirus marginatus - spiny lobster

Description: claw-less, mottled lobster with large antennae

Size: up to 40 cm length

Habitat: under ledges and in caves

Paribaccus antarcticus - brown slipper lobster

Description: mottled, dorso-ventrally flattened lobster with large anterior lobed antennae

Size: up to 20 cm length

Habitat: under ledges and in caves on shallow reef flat

Podophthalmus sp. - swimming crab

Description: crab with sharp claws and flattened rear legs for swimming; eyes on long eye stalks; sharp lateral spines on the carapace

Size: up to 12 cm length

Habitat: buried in sand in shallow bays

Stenopus hispidus - barber pole shrimp

Description: shrimp with red and white banded legs

Size: up to 5 cm length

Habitat: in pairs, in holes and cracks on coral reefs

Phylum Echinodermata - seastars, brittle starts, urchins, etc.

Seastars (Asteroids)

Acanthaster planci - crown-of-thorns seastar

Description: 10-16 arm star covered with long, sharp spines

Size: up to 35 cm diameter

Habitat: on coral reefs

Culcita novaeguineae - cushion seastar

Description: large, plump cushion-like star; often bright red or mottled reddish-brown

Size: up to 25 cm diameter

Habitat: on coral in shallow areas

Linckia multifora - pink seastar

Description: 3-5 long, slender armed, mottled star; often yellowish to reddish-brown; arms often of irregular length

Size: up to 15 cm diameter

Habitat: shallow areas

Sea urchins (Echinoids)

Chondrocidaris gigantae - rough spined urchin

Description: large, blunt, pencil-thick spined urchin; spines covered with rough, thorn-like projections and often covered with encrustation's

Size: up to 25 cm diameter

Habitat: in holes on the reef

Colobocentrotus atratus - shingle urchin

Description: small, flattened urchin with paddle-like spines; dark coloration

Size: usually 4-6 cm but up to 9 cm diameter

Habitat: clinging to wave-swept shores

Echinometra mathaei - rock boring urchin

Description: small, light-colored urchin with short spines, thick at the base and tapering to a sharp point; typically greenish-gray or reddish-brown

Size: usually 4-6 cm but up to 15 cm diameter

Habitat: in holes and depressions on rock in shallow areas

Echinometra oblonga - black boring urchin

Description: small, dark-colored urchin with short spines, thick at the base and tapering to a sharp point; typically dark purple or black

Size: usually 4-6 cm but up to 15 cm diameter

Habitat: in holes and depressions on rock in shallow areas

Echinothrix calamaris - banded sea urchin (Wana)

Description: large urchins with long, slender, needle-like banded light and dark green spines; large spines covered with small spinelets

Size: up to 15 cm diameter

Habitat: in holes on the reef; *** WARNING: this species is venomous ***

Echinothrix diadema - black sea urchin (Wana)

Description: large urchins with long, slender, needle-like black spines; primary spines are shorter than the test diameter and banded light and dark green in young specimens; two distinct sizes of spines

Size: up to 15 cm diameter

Habitat: in holes on the reef; *** WARNING: this species is venomous ***

Heterocentrotus mammillatus - slate pencil urchin

Description: large, blunt, pencil-thick spined urchin; often bright red

Size: up to 20 cm diameter

Habitat: in holes on the reef

Tripneustes gratilla - collector urchin

Description: black, round urchin with short, narrow spines often tipped with white or pink; pebbles or shell are often held to the test

Size: up to 10 cm diameter

Habitat: variety of habitats

Brittlestars (Ophiuroids)

Ophiocoma spp. - brittlestars

Description: long, slender armed with numerous lateral spines; often black or brown

Size: up to 15 cm diameter

Habitat: shallow water under rocks, or in holes on the reef

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroids)

Actinopyga mauritiana - speckled sea cucumber

Description: large brown and white speckled cucumber; body lined with tube feet; ring of five small teeth around anus

Size: up to 15 cm length

Habitat: on shallow sandy reef flats

Holothuria atra - black sea cucumber

Description: black, smooth, hard cucumber often covered with sand

Size: up to 30 cm length

Habitat: on shallow sandy reef flats

Ophiodesoma spectabilis - sea worm sea cucumber

Description: body long and tubular, thin and transparent; body banded pink to dark red

Size: up to 1 m length

Habitat: on shallow sandy reef flats

Phylum Chordata - tunicates

Description: encrusting or vase-shaped encrusting masses covered with small pores; tunicates have a smooth feel; often brightly colored

Habitat: on hard substrates


Last Revised: 12/3/1999 01:26:00 AM



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