A NADH methaemoglobin reductase activity values were for adults from Lo and Agar (1986) and Rockwood et al. (2003).
B Sub-cutaneous LD50 of 50-70 mg/kg used as no oral dose could be found (Berlin 1970)
Table 2. Estimated lethal bait-delivered sodium nitrite doses of marsupials, reptiles birds and eutherian mammals with known methaemoglobin reductase activities. Species that have consumed manufactured feral pig baits and are of concern are highlighted.
Species
|
Scientific name
|
NADH-MR (IU/g Hb)
|
Est. lethal gavage dose (mg/kg)
|
Est. lethal bait dose (mg/kg)
|
Body size (kg)
|
Est. lethal SN dose (g)
|
Consumed PIGOUT
|
% of 200g 10% active SN bait
|
Marsupials
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Allied rock-wallaby
|
Petrogale assimilis
|
13.2
|
85
|
255
|
4.5
|
1.1
|
No
|
N/A
|
Barrow Island wallaroo
|
Macropus robustus isabellinus
|
15.1
|
90
|
270
|
35.8
|
9.7
|
No
|
N/A
|
Bilby
|
Macrotis lagotis
|
13.6
|
86
|
258
|
1.8
|
0.5
|
No
|
N/A
|
Black-striped wallaby
|
Macropus dorsali
|
13.8
|
86
|
259
|
11.2
|
2.9
|
No
|
N/A
|
Bridled nailtail wallaby
|
Onychogalea fraenata
|
19.8
|
102
|
307
|
6.5
|
2.0
|
No
|
N/A
|
Burrowing bettong
|
Bettongia lesueur
|
36.7
|
147
|
441
|
1.5
|
0.7
|
No
|
N/A
|
Common brushtail possum
|
Trichosurus vulpecula
|
30.6
|
131
|
393
|
4
|
1.6
|
SA,ACT,NSW
|
16
|
Common wombat
|
Vombatus ursinus
|
16.0
|
92
|
277
|
26
|
7.2
|
No
|
N/A
|
Eastern grey kangaroo
|
Macropus giganteus
|
17.6
|
96
|
289
|
49
|
14.2
|
No
|
N/A
|
Eastern wallaroo
|
Macropus robustus robustus
|
18.2
|
98
|
294
|
35.8
|
10.5
|
No
|
N/A
|
Euro
|
Macropus robustus erubescens
|
14.4
|
88
|
264
|
35
|
9.2
|
ACT
|
92
|
Koala
|
Phascolarctos cinerus
|
24.6
|
115
|
345
|
10
|
3.5
|
No
|
N/A
|
Mountain pygmy possum
|
Burramys parvas
|
45.4
|
170
|
510
|
0.04
|
0.0
|
No
|
N/A
|
Northern brown bandicoot
|
Isoodon macrourus
|
52.0
|
188
|
563
|
1.6
|
0.9
|
Qld
|
9
|
Northern hairy-nosed wombat
|
Lasiorhinus krefftii
|
32.2
|
135
|
405
|
31
|
12.6
|
No
|
N/A
|
Platypus
|
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
|
16.8
|
94
|
283
|
1.5
|
0.4
|
No
|
N/A
|
Proserpine rock-wallaby
|
Petrogale persephone
|
12.7
|
84
|
251
|
6.2
|
1.6
|
No
|
N/A
|
Red kangaroo
|
Macropus rufus
|
11.0
|
79
|
237
|
46
|
10.9
|
No
|
N/A
|
Red-legged pademelon
|
Thylogale stigmatica
|
26.9
|
121
|
363
|
4.6
|
1.7
|
No
|
N/A
|
Rufous bettong
|
Aepyprymnus rufescens
|
13.2
|
85
|
255
|
3
|
0.8
|
No
|
N/A
|
Rufous hare-wallaby
|
Lagorchestes hirsutus
|
7.4
|
69
|
208
|
1.3
|
0.3
|
No
|
N/A
|
Short-beaked echidna
|
Tachyglossus aculeatus
|
64.0
|
219
|
658
|
4.5
|
3.0
|
No
|
N/A
|
Southern hairy-nosed wombat
|
Lasiorhinus latifrons
|
15.0
|
90
|
269
|
26
|
7.0
|
No
|
N/A
|
Spectacled hare-wallaby
|
Lagorchestes conspicillatus
|
24.1
|
114
|
341
|
3
|
1.0
|
No
|
N/A
|
Sugar glider
|
Petaurus breviceps
|
42.0
|
161
|
483
|
0.12
|
0.1
|
No
|
N/A
|
Swamp wallaby
|
Wallabia bicolor
|
9.9
|
76
|
228
|
15
|
3.4
|
NSW
|
34
|
Tammar wallaby
|
Macropus eugenii
|
12.0
|
82
|
245
|
6.5
|
1.6
|
SA
|
16
|
Whiptail wallaby
|
Marcropus parryi
|
15.8
|
92
|
275
|
13.5
|
3.7
|
No
|
N/A
|
Reptile
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Red-bellied Black Snake
|
Pseudechis porphyriacus
|
10.0
|
76
|
229
|
0.5
|
0.1
|
No
|
N/A
|
Western Brown snake
|
Pseudonaja nuchalis
|
12.3
|
82
|
247
|
0.4
|
0.1
|
No
|
N/A
|
Johnston's crocodile
|
Crocodylus johnstoni
|
4.5
|
62
|
185
|
12
|
2.2
|
No
|
N/A
|
Saltwater crocodile
|
Crocodylus porosus
|
5.1
|
63
|
190
|
700
|
133.1
|
No
|
N/A
|
Bird
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Domestic chicken
|
Gallus domesticus
|
1.0
|
53
|
158
|
2.4
|
0.4
|
No
|
N/A
|
Domestic pigeon
|
Columba livia
|
2.3
|
56
|
168
|
0.4
|
0.1
|
No
|
N/A
|
Eutherians
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cattle
|
Bos taurus
|
|
67
|
201
|
600
|
120.6
|
Qld
|
>12 baits
|
Dog
|
Canis lupus familiaris
|
|
60
|
180
|
20
|
3.6
|
ACT,Qld
|
36
|
Goat
|
Capra hircus
|
10
|
76
|
229
|
34
|
7.8
|
SA
|
78
|
Guninea pig
|
Cavia porcellus
|
5
|
63
|
189
|
0.9
|
0.2
|
SA
|
2
|
Horse
|
Equus caballus
|
11
|
79
|
237
|
450
|
106.7
|
SA
|
>10 baits
|
Mouse
|
Mus musculus
|
|
215
|
645
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
KI
|
>1
|
Rabbit
|
Oryctolagus cuniculus
|
|
250
|
750
|
2
|
1.5
|
No
|
15
|
Rat
|
Rattus norvegicus
|
|
104
|
312
|
0.1
|
0.03
|
KI
|
>1
|
Sheep
|
Ovis aries
|
|
50
|
150
|
60
|
9.0
|
Once
|
90
|
A NADH marsupial methaemoglobin reductase concentrations were from Agar et al. (2000), except for the Platypus and Echidna (Whittington et al. 1995). Reptile and bird values from Board et al. (1977). Eutherian mammals from Lo and Agar (1986) and Rockwood et al. (2003).
B Estimated lethal bait dose is based on a correction factor of 3 times, as indicated between the minimum effective gavage and bait delivered doses for feral pigs (Cowled et al. 2008a). This correction factor may change between species depending on the presentation of sodium nitrite and the digestive physiology of the species.
C Body weights are the average adult body mass of males and females as published in Strahan (2004) as well as various internet sources.
D Species recorded consuming PIGOUT® baits were reported by Cowled et al. (2006b) or are unpublished data. Early indications are that the HOG-GONE® bait, which will carry sodium nitrite, is significantly more target-specific with foxes, possums and ravens the only non-target species recorded consuming bait.
Table 3. Plasma elimination t(1/2) in minutes with lower and upper 95% confidence limits for sodium nitrite in rats (calculated by Frampton from data in Kohn et al. 2002).
Dose (mg/kg)
|
Route
|
t(1/2) male (min)
|
t(1/2) female (min)
|
20
|
i.v
|
19.8 (16.9-23.8)
|
28.3 (24.4-33.8)
|
40
|
oral
|
42.1 (37.6-47.7)
|
55.5 (47.9-65.8)
|
80
|
oral
|
42.0 (33.9-55.0)
|
62.5 (58.8-66.7)
|
Table 4. Summary of classification of vertebrate pesticides based on comparative pharmacokinetics and expectation for persistence of residues in sub-lethally exposed target or non-target species (adapted from Eason et al. 2008 to include sodium nitrite).
Group
|
Compound
|
Half-life values
|
Likely persistence of residues after sub-lethal exposure
|
1
|
Sodium nitrite
|
< 60 min
|
12 hours
|
|
Cyanide
|
+
|
12 to 24 hours
|
|
Zinc phosphide
|
+
|
12 to 24 hours
|
|
Para-aminopropiophenone
|
+
|
4 days
|
|
1080
|
< 11 hours
|
7 days
|
2
|
Pindone
|
2.1 days
|
4 weeks
|
|
Diphacinone
|
3 days
|
6 weeks
|
3
|
Cholecalciferol
|
10-68 days
|
3 months
|
|
Coumatetralyl
|
50-70days
|
4 months
|
4
|
Brodifacoum
|
130 days
|
24 months or longer
|
|
Bromodiolone
|
170 days
|
24 months or longer
|
|
Flocoumafen
|
220 days
|
24 months or longer
|
+ No published value found, but likely to be < 12 hours.
Figure 1. General linear regression between published sodium nitrite lethal gavage doses and NADH metheamoglobin reductase activities for eutherian mammals.
|
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