Nutrient limitation in rainforests and cloud forests along a 3000 m elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes

tarix	18.07.2016
ölçüsü	1.55 Mb.

Nutrient limitation in rainforests and cloud forests along a 3000 m elevation gradient in the Peruvian Andes
Joshua B. Fisher^1,*,**, Yadvinder Malhi¹, Cuba Torres Israel², Daniel B. Metcalfe¹, Martine J. van de Weg³, Patrick Meir⁴,Silva Espejo Javier E.², Huaraca Huasco Walter²
¹ Oxford University, Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK

² Universidad San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Department of Biology, Peru

³ Amsterdam Global Change Institute, Vrije Univesiteit, De Boelenlaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands

⁴ University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Drummond Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP

^* Present address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA

^** Corresponding author. E-mail address: joshbfisher@gmail.com, 1-323-540-4569

Supplemental Table 1. Individual tree data for 77 trees across all four sites (WA=3000 m, SP=1500 m, TO=1000 m, TA=200 m). Fertilization treatments are given as N (N0), N+P (NP), P (P0) and control (C). Some data were missing or unknown.

Site	Tree #	Plot	Fert	Family	Genera	Species	DBH (cm)	Height (m)	Leaf N (%)	Leaf P (%)	Leaf K (%)
WA	51	7F	N0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	crassifolia	8.1	8.0	1.32	0.11	0.73
WA	52	7F	N0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	crassifolia	7.2	7.5	1.27	0.08	1.02
WA	53	7F	N0	CLUSIACEAE	Clusia	sp	14.4	8.0	1.51	0.12	0.61
WA	54	7F	N0	THEACEAE	Freziera	parva	16.6	11.5	1.86	0.13	0.79
WA	55	7F	N0	CLUSIACEAE	Clusia	sp	6.2	6.0	1.80	0.18	0.94
WA	32	9F	NP0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	bangii	10.6	10.0	1.85	0.19	0.83
WA	33	9F	NP0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	bangii	15.6	11.0	1.47	0.16	0.58
WA	34	9F	NP0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	crassifolia	14.8	12.0	1.19	0.12	0.41
WA	35	9F	NP0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	reticulata	3.2	4.5	1.95	0.17	0.99
WA	11	11F	P0	CLETHRACEAE	Clethra	sp	10.4	7.5	1.22	0.10	0.81
WA	12	11F	P0	CLUSIACEAE	Cusia	sp	21.4	12.0	1.31	0.38	1.00
WA	13	11F	P0	CLUSIACEAE	Clusia	sp	12.4	9.0	1.35	0.23	0.73
WA	14	11F	P0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	crassifolia	11.3	8.0	1.17	0.12	0.55
WA	15	11F	P0	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	crassifolia	11.2	8.0	1.20	0.09	0.66
WA	36	8/9C	C	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	bangii	12.2	11.0	1.49	0.12	0.61
WA	37	8/9C	C	MYRSINACEAE	Myrsine	coriacea	8.0	8.3	2.17	0.17	2.59
WA	38	8/9C	C	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	crassifolia	12.7	12.0	1.18	0.10	0.90
WA	39	8/9C	C	CUNONIACEAE	Weinmannia	latifolia	9.8	10.0	1.68	0.11	1.25
WA	40	8/9C	C	ARALIACEAE	Oreopanax	microcephalus	4.7	7.0	2.60	0.28	2.10

SP	312	1F	N0	LAURACEAE	Endlicheria	griseo-sericea	8.9	9.2	1.90	0.26	0.62
SP	313	1F	N0	MELASTOMATACEAE	Miconia	sp	7.8	7.0	2.22	0.23	0.73
SP	314	1F	N0	EUPHORBIACEAE	Acalypha		5.5	6.0	2.39	0.36	1.01
SP	315	1F	N0	EUPHORBIACEAE	Hyeronima	alchorneiodes	42.8	17.0	2.24	0.20	0.63
SP	316	1F	N0	ROSACEAE	Prunus	herthae	4.9	5.1	2.14	0.22	1.25
SP	291	3F	NP0	ANNONACEAE	Guatteria	duodecima	8.9	8.8	2.23	0.13	0.73
SP	292	3F	NP0	SAPOTACEAE	Sarcaulus	sp	15.8	15.0	1.87	0.29	0.48
SP	293	3F	NP0	SAPOTACEAE	Sarcaulus	sp	17.4	15.0	1.74	0.18	0.33
SP	294	3F	NP0	FABACEAE	Inga		16.0	13.0	2.72	0.21	0.77
SP	295	3F	NP0	SAPINDACEAE	Paullinia		2.5	3.0	1.82	0.15	0.65
SP	271	5F	P0	ARECACEAE	Euterpe	sp	17.9	13.8	2.01	0.13	0.36
SP	273	5F	P0	FABACEAE	Inga	sp	20.5	12.5	3.15	0.16	0.64
SP	274	5F	P0	RUBIACEAE			5.0	5.0	3.00	0.16	0.91
SP	275	5F	P0	ACTINIDIACEAE	Saurauia	sp	15.8	11.3	2.10	0.20	1.70
SP	286	3/4C	C	PROTEACEAE			3.9	5.9	2.25	0.29	1.37
SP	287	3/4C	C	MONIMIACEAE	Mollinedia	sp	6.5	7.0	2.14	0.27	1.41
SP	288	3/4C	C	MORACEAE	Pseudolmedia	sp	17.1	12.3	2.45	0.18	1.44
SP	289	3/4C	C	SABIACEAE	Meliosma	sp	28.8	12.0	1.52	0.10	0.72
SP	290	3/4C	C	ANNONACEAE	Annona	sp	10.5	7.5	2.20	0.12	0.79

TO	426	1F	N0	FABACEAE	Tachigali		13.0	8.7	2.40	0.14	0.90
TO	427	1F	N0	LAURACEAE			6.5	6.3	1.81	0.10	1.15
TO	428	1F	N0	EUPHORBIACEAE	Alchornea		15.5	11.1	3.07	0.24	1.22
TO	429	1F	N0	RUBIACEAE	Palicourea		6.0	5.0	2.96	0.15	1.68
TO	431	1F	N0	LAURACEAE	Ocotea		11.6	6.1	2.03	0.11	0.80
TO	406	3F	NP0	LACISTEMATACEAE	Lacistema		22.5	18.0	2.56	0.18	1.58
TO	407	3F	NP0	MYRISTICACEAE	Virola	mollissima	32.2	17.0	2.34	0.13	0.70
TO	408	3F	NP0	LECYTHIDACEAE	Eschweilera		9.1	6.0	2.11	0.09	0.72
TO	409	3F	NP0	MORACEAE	Pseudolmedia	macrophylla	23.9	16.0	2.39	0.12	1.04
TO	410	3F	NP0	RUBIACEAE	Elaeagia		6.0	4.3	2.04	0.08	1.50
TO	441	5F	P0	CHRYSOBALANACEAE	Licania		14.7	11.5	1.76	0.10	0.84
TO	442	5F	P0	RUBIACEAE	Elaeagia		17.9	8.5	1.90	0.08	0.59
TO	443	5F	P0	VOCHYSIACEAE	Vochysia	sp	31.0	15.5	1.76	0.09	0.68
TO	444	5F	P0	FLACOURTIACEAE			6.2	4.5	2.49	0.11	1.17
TO	445	5F	P0	RUBIACEAE			5.6	6.2	1.67	0.11	0.63
TO	401	3/4C	C	MYRISTICACEAE	Virola	calophylla	44.7	22.0	2.22	0.09	0.71
TO	402	3/4C	C	FLACOURTIACEAE	Carpotroche	longifolia	2.4	3.0	2.28	0.14	0.78
TO	403	3/4C	C	FABACEAE	Inga		20.7	13.0	3.47	0.15	0.82
TO	404	3/4C	C	MORACEAE	Brosimum	utile	5.5	6.0	2.10	0.11	0.99
TO	405	3/4C	C	FLACOURTIACEAE	Banara		3.8	5.6	2.27	0.10	0.67

TA	1	1F	N0	BURSERACEAE	Tetragastris	panamensis	21.1	14.5	1.76	0.08	0.80
TA	2	1F	N0	BIXACEAE	Bixa	arborea	18.5	13.5	3.00	0.13	1.05
TA	3	1F	N0	FABACEAE			6.4	8.3	3.22	0.14	0.82
TA	4	1F	N0	MORACEAE	Helicostylis	tomentosa	10.8	12.0	2.47	0.11	1.27
TA	5	1F	N0	MYRISTICACEAE	Virola		5.1	7.4	2.74	0.11	0.82
TA	21	3F	NP0	EUPHORBIACEAE	Conceveiba	guianensis	9.5	12.2	2.05	0.13	0.84
TA	22	3F	NP0	FABACEAE			16.6	15.8	1.83	0.07	0.55
TA	23	3F	NP0	LECYTHIDACEAE			10.7	11.0	4.34	0.18	0.73
TA	24	3F	NP0	MORACEAE	Helicostylis	tomentosa	8.9	11.0	2.90	0.10	1.28
TA	25	3F	NP0	BOMBACACEAE	Quararibea	witti	4.8	7.0	2.72	0.11	0.89
TA	41	5F	P0	MELIACEAE	Trichilia	sp	30.0	18.5	1.91	0.08	0.65
TA	42	5F	P0	MYRISTICACEAE	Iryanthera		6.5	4.6	1.95	0.10	0.83
TA	43	5F	P0	LAURACEAE			7.8	10.9	2.03	0.07	0.44
TA	44	5F	P0				3.2	4.2	2.92	0.13	1.02
TA	45	5F	P0	FABACEAE	Tachigalli	poliphylla	21.3	19.0	2.67	0.11	0.79
TA	27	3/4C	C				35.0	24.5	3.08	0.14	0.82
TA	28	3/4C	C	SIPARUNACEAE	Siparuna	decipiens	9.0	9.0	2.55	0.10	2.09
TA	29	3/4C	C	CLUSIACEAE	Calophyllum	brasiliensis	7.5	8.0	2.21	0.08	1.47
TA	30	3/4C	C	FABACEAE			6.0	8.0	1.78	0.07	0.74

Supplemental Figure Captions

Supplemental Fig. 1. Study sites with inset from Google Earth. Clouds (not snow) cover much of the mountains in the image.

Supplemental Fig. 2. The experimental set up for the fertilization experiment (shown here at the 1500 m site for example). The long-term 100 x 100 m plot is surrounded on three sides by 10 x 110 m transects consisting of 10 x 10 m sub-plots. Within each transect, two sub-plots were fertilized with N, two with P, two with both N and P, and six controls separated each fertilized sub-plot. Of those fertilized sub-plots within each transect, half began fertilization in the first year (N0, NP0, P0) and the other half in the second year (N1, NP1, P1).

Supplemental Fig. 3. a) Leaf nitrogen (N), b) leaf phosphorus (P), and c) leaf N:P ratio from three canopy heights (top, middle, and bottom) for all four sites (200 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, and 3000 m) and all four treatments (control, N, N+P, and P) in 2008 as mean ± SE.

Supplemental Fig. 4. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) averaged for each Family by treatment type. Data would naturally increase substantially if presented by Genera or Species. Not all Families had all 4 treatments. It is possible to see treatment differences in, for example, Rubiaceae, where the RGR for the Control (black) is less than that for the N treatments (green), which is less than that for the P treatments (purple), which is less than that for the N+P treatments (orange).

Supplemental Fig. 5. Soil respiration contribution for control and fertilized sub-plots from litter, roots, fungal hyphae and microbes in 2009. The top three (Y1) panels are from the sub-plots that received fertilization starting in the first year (2007), and the bottom three (Y2) panels are from the sub-plots that received fertilization starting in the second year (2008).

Supplemental Fig. 1.

Supplemental Fig. 2.

a
b
c

Supplemental Fig. 3.

Supplemental Fig. 4.

Soil respiration partitioning (%)		Control
	Nitrogen – Y1	Nitrogen+Phosphorus – Y1	Phosphorus – Y1
	Nitrogen – Y2	Nitrogen+Phosphorus – Y2	Phosphorus – Y2
	Site

Supplemental Fig. 5.