Nutricionizam Kristina Greblo 5276/n antioksidativno I antimikrobno djelovanje eteričnog ulja I ekstrakata lavande završni rad modul

5.3. ANTIMIKROBNO DJELOVANJE ETERIČNIH ULJA I EKSTRAKTA LAVANDE

Antimikrobna aktivnost ekstrakata lavande i eteričnh ulja lavande s četiri različita područja RH (Hvara, Istre, Fužina i Donje Bistre) ispitana je na test mikroorganizmima Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli. Na hranjivi bujon su nacijepljeni test mikroorganizmi, što je predstavljalo kontrolni uzorak, dok su u drugi, dodani ekstrakti lavande i eterična ulja lavande. Prilikom određivanja korišteni su samo ekstrakti lavande u 30%-tnoj vodenoj otopni etanola no ne i acetona zbog ranije provedenih istraživanja koja su pokazala znatno manju aktivnost ekstrakata u odnosu na eterična ulja. Razlika u apsorbanciji prikazuje mjeru inhibicije rasta test mikroorganizma.

Rezultati istraživanja antimikrobnog učinka eteričnog ulja lavande prikazani su na slici 15., na kojima se može uočiti da je vrsta Escherichia coli jako osjetljiva na djelovanje eteričnog ulja primorske lavande, dok je na eterična ulja gorske lavande gotovo rezistentna kod nižih doza. Najveća aktivnost postignuta je na uzorcima s Hvara i Istre nakon 4 sata, dok se u slijedećih 2 sata aktivnost smanjilla te se približila vrijednostima uzoraka gorske lavande.

Na Slici 16. prikazani su rezultati dobiveni djelovanjem eteričnih ulja uzoraka lavande sa 4 kraja RH na bakteriju Staphylococcus aureus. Utvrđena je značajna antimikrobna aktivnost na navedenu bakteriju, gdje su uzorci sa Hvara i Istre poazali najveću aktivnost. Uzorci eteričnog ulja iz Donje Bistre pokazali su najmanju antimikrobnu učinkovitost na Staphylococcus aureus u usporedbi sa preostalim uzorcima. Uzorci iz Istre i Hvara pokazuju gotovo potpunu učinkovitost u posljednjih 24h.

Na Slici 17., u prvih 2 sata, svi uzorci pokazuju podjednaku aktivnost na bakteriju Escherichia coli, nakon čega se aktivnost uzoraka lavande iz gorskih krajeva smanjuje dok se ona iz primorskih krajeva, povećava.

Slika 18. prikazuje dobre učinke aktivnosti ektrakata na bakteriju Staphylococcus aureus te gotovo podjednake vrijednosti svih uzoraka tijekom 48 sati.

Pri jednakoj apsorbanciji od 620 nm te na istim bakterijama, Escherichii coli i Staphylococcus aureus, dobiveni su različiti rezultati antimikrobnog djelovanja eteričnih ulja i ekstrakata lavande. Rezultati pokazuju 2-3 puta veće antimikrobno djelovanje eteričnih ulja, na prethodno spomenute bakterije, u odnosu na ekstrakte lavande. Takvi rezultati ukazuju na još jedan dokaz o antimikrobnom djelovanju eteričnog ulja lavande.

6. ZAKLJUČAK

• 
  Kao učinkovitije otapalo za ekstrakciju polifenola iz sušene lavande pokazala se 30 % vodena otopina etanola, a vrijednosti ukupnih fenola u etanolnim ekstraktima određene su u rasponu koncentracija od 44,88 do 123,66 mg/g suhog uzorka. Najveća koncentracija fenolnih spojeva određena je u lavandi s otoka Hvara a najmanja u lavandi s područja Donje Bistre. Uzorci s primorskog područja sadržavali su i do tri puta veću količinu ukupnih fenola u odnosu na uzorke s kontinentalnog dijela Hrvatske.
  

• 
  Antioksidacijski kapacitet lavande određivan pomoću DPPH i FRAP metode u svim uzorcima bio je relativno visok te u dobroj korelaciji s količinom ukupnih fenola. Kombinacijom rezultata navednim metodama te rezultatima ukupnih fenola, može se zaključiti da klimatski uvijeti imaju značajan utjecaj na antioksidacijski sastav lavande.
  

• 
  DPPH i FRAP metodom u etanolnim i acetonskim ekstraktima, dobiveni su rezultati bez značajnih razlika što dovodi do zaključka da antioksidacijsko djelovanje ne ovisi o otapalu.
  

• 
  Eterična ulja s primorskog područja pokazuju bolje antimikrobno djelovanje na obje bakterije (Escherichie coli i Staphiloccocus aureus.) s nešto boljim djelovanjem na bakteriju Staphiloccocus aureus. Rezultati ekstrakata lavande bili su gotovo podjednaki za sve uzorke na obje bakterije.
  

• 
  U istraživanju je također prikazano bolje djelovanje eteričnog ulja na bakterije u odnosu na ekstrakte lavande što potvrđuje prethodno provedena istraživanja.
  

7. LITERATURA

• 
  Anonimus 1: http://www.pyrus-mm.hr/podlinkovi_priroda/lavanda.htm; 05.06.2009.
  
• 
  Anonimus 2: www.lavander.hr; 01.06.2009.
  
• 
  Anonimus 3: http://organicashitaba.com/pc.html; 29.05.2009.
  
• 
  Anonimus 4: http://www.aromatica.hr/hrv/page.asp?id=o_proizvodima&sub=proiz2; 01.06.2009.
  
• 
  Benzie, I.F.F., Strain, J.J. (1996) The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP Assay. Analyt. Biochem. 239, 70-76.
  
• 
  Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, Gruenwald J, Hall T, Riggins CW, Rister RS, eds. Klein S, Rister RS, trans. The Complete German Commission E Monographs—Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council; Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998.
  
• 
  Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Austin, TX: American Botanical Council; Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.
  
• 
  Bors W, Heller W, Michel C, Saran M. Flavonoids as antioxidants: Determination of radical scavenging efficiencies. Methods Enzymol 1990;186:343-55.
  
• 
  Bown D. The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd.; 2001.
  
• 
  Braun R, Surmann P, Wendt R, Wichtl M, Ziegenmeyer J (eds.). Lavendelblüten. In: Standardzulassungen für Fertigarzneimittel Text und Kommentar, mit 16. Ergänzungslieferung. Stuttgart, Germany: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 2005.
  
• 
  Carson C.F., Cookson, B.D., Farrelly, H.D. and Riley, T.V.(1995). Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphiloccocus aureus to the essential oil of Melalenca Alternifolia. Journal of antimicrobial Chemotheraphy 35,421-4.
  
• 
  Connor, A. M., Luby, J. J., & Tong, C. B. S. (2002) Variability in antioxidant activity in blueberry and correlations among different antioxidant activity assays. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 127, 238-244.
  
• 
  Connor, A. M., Luby, J. J., & Tong, C. B. S. (2002) Variability in antioxidant activity in blueberry and correlations among different antioxidant activity assays. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 127, 238-244.
  
• 
  Cullen, W.J., Dulchavsky, S.A., Devasagayam, T.P.A., Venkataraman, B.V., Dutta, S. (1997) Effect of Maharishi-4 on H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in isolated rat hearts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 56, 215–222.
  
• 
  Daferera, D.J., Ziogas B.N. and Polission, M.G.(2000), GC-MS analysis of essential oils from some Greek aromatic plants and their fungitoxicity on Penicillium digitatum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 2576-81.
  
• 
  Deans S.G and Ritchie G. (1987) Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. International Journal of Food Microbiology 5, 165-80.
  
• 
  Deans S.G., Kennedy A.I., Gundidza, M.G., Mavi S., Watreman P.G. and Gray A.I. (1994a). Antimicrobial activities of the volatile oil of Heteromorpha trifoliata {Wendl.} Eckl. & Zeyh. {Apiaceae}. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 9, 245-8.
  
• 
  Devasagayam, T.P.A., Kamat, J.P., Sreejayan, N. (2001) Antioxidant action of curcumin. U: Micronutrients and Health: Molecular Biological Mechanisms, (Nesaretnam, K., Packer, L., ured.) AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, str. 42–59.
  
• 
  Dixon, R.A., Paiva, N.L. (1995) Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. The Plant Cell. 7, 1085-1097.
  
• 
  Dorman, H.J.D. and Deans, S.G. (2000.). Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils, Journal of Applied Microbiology 88, 308-16.
  
• 
  Duraković, S. (1996) Opća mikrobiologija, Prehrambeno-tehnološki inženjering, Zagreb, str. 158, 175-177, 181-183, 190-193, 197-200, 226-233.
  
• 
  Evendri i sur, (2005), The antimutagenic activity of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) essential oil in the bacterial reverse mutation assay, Food and Chemical Toxicology 43 1381–1387
  
• 
  Garg, S.C. and Dengre, S.L. (1986). Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Tagetes erecta Linn. Hindustan Antibiotic Bulletin 28,27-9.
  
• 
  Gaziano, J.M., Manson, J.E., Buring, J.E., Henneksen, C.H. (1992) Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease, Ann. New York Acad Sci. 669, 249-259.
  
• 
  Gey, K.F., Puska, P., Jordan, P. and Moser, U.K. (1991) Inverse correlation between plasma Vitamin E and mortality from ischemic-heart-disease in cross cultural epidemiology. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 326–334.
  
• 
  Haddock, E.A., Grupta, R.K., Al-Shafi, S.M.K., Layden, K., Haslam, E., Magnolato, D. (1982) The metabolism of gallic acid and hexahydroxydiphenic acid in plants: biogenetic and molecular taxonomic considerations. Phytochem. 21, 1049-1062. 
  
• 
  Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 2000;55:481-504.
  
• 
  Harborne, J.B. (1980) Plant Phenolics. U: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series, vol 8, (Bell, E.A., Charlwood, B.V., ured.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  
• 
  Harborne, J.B. (1988) The flavonoids: recent advances. U: Plant Pigments, (Goodwin, T.W., ured.), Academic Press, London, UK, str. 299-343.
  
• 
  Harborne, J.B. (1994) The Flavonoids. Advances in Research Since, Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
  
• 
  Harborne, J.B., Baxter, H. (1999) The Handbook of Natural Flavonoids. (John Wiley, ured.), Chichester.
  
• 
  Havsteen B. Flavonoids, A class of natural products of high pharmacological potency. Biochem Pharmacol 1983;32:1141-8.
  
• 
  Inouye, S., Goi, H., Miyouchi, K., Muraki, S., Ogihara, M. And Iwanami, I. (1993). Inhibitory effect of volatile components of plants on the proliferation of bacteria. Bokin Bobai 11, 609-15.
  
• 
  Jain, S.R. and Kar, A. (1971). The antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their combinations. Plants Medica 20, 118-23.
  
• 
  Janssen, M.A., Scheffer, J.J.C. and Baerheim-Svendsen, A. (1987). Antimicrobial activities of essential oils: A 1976-1986 literature review on possible applications. Pharmaceutische Weekblad [Scientific Edition] 9, 193-7.
  
• 
  Jeanfils, J., Burlion, N. And Andrien, F. (1991.). Antimicrobial activities of essential oils from different plant spacies. Landbouwtijdscbrift- Retue de l'Agriculture 44,1013-19.
  
• 
  Kamat, J.P., Boloor, K.K., Devasagayam, T.P.A., Venkatachalam, S.R. (2000) Radio-protective properties of Asparagus racemosus in vitro in rat liver mitochondria. J. Ethnopharmacol. 71, 425–435.
  
• 
  Keville K, Green M. Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press; 1995.
  
• 
  Kinsella, J. E., Frankel, E., German, B., Kanner, J. (1993) Possible mechanisms for the protective role of antioxidants in wine and plant foods. Food Technol. 47, (4), 85–89.
  
• 
  Kučišec-Tepeš, (1994) Specijalna bakteriologija i odabrana područja iz opće specijalne mikrobiologije, Školska knjiga, Zagreb, str. 25-28.
  
• 
  Kuštrek, D., (2005) Farmakognozija- fitofarmacija, Zagreb, 289-294.
  
• 
  Larrondo, J.V., Agout, M. And Calvo-Torres, M.A.(1995). Antimicrobial activity of essences from Labiatae. Micrbios 82, 171-2.
  
• 
  Leung AY, Foster S, eds. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 1996.
  
• 
  Lis-Balchin, M. (1997.). Essential oils and aromateraphy: their modern role in healing. Journal of the Royal Society of health 117, 324-9.
  
• 
  Lis-Balchin, M. And Deans, S.G. and Eaglesham, E. (1998.). Relationship between bioactivity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13, 98-104.
  
• 
  Lis-Balchin, M. And Deans, S.G.(1997.). Bioactivity of selected plant esential oils against Listeria Monocytogenes. Journal of Applied Microbiology 82, 759-62.
  
• 
  Macheix, J.J, Fleuriet, A., Billot, J. (1990) Fruit Phenolics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
  
• 
  Negi, P.S., Jayaprakasha, G.K. (2003) Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Punica granatum peel extracts. J. Food Sci. 68, 1473–1477.
  
• 
  Nenoff, P., Haustein, U.F. and Brandt, W.(1996). Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Melalenca alternifolia [tea tree oil] against pathogenic fungi in vitro. Skin Pharmacology 9, 388-94.
  
• 
  Nigris, F., Lerman, L.O., Ignarro, S.W., Sica, G., Lerman, A., Palinsky, W., Ignarro, L.J., Napoli, C. (2003) Beneficial effects of antioxidants and L-arginine on oxidation-sensitive gene expression and endothelial NO synthase activity at sites of disturbed shear stress. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 1420–1425.
  
• 
  Onstad D. Whole Foods Companion. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Co.; 1996.
  
• 
  Ough, C.S., Amerine, M.A. (1988) Methods for analysis of musts and wines, 2. izd., Johan Wiley & sons, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
  
• 
  Parkash, A. (2001) Antioxidant activity. Analyticl. progress. 19 (2), 1-6.
  
• 
  Pathak D, Pathak K, Singla AK. Flavonoids as medicinal agents – Recent advances. Fitoterapia 1991;62:371-89.
  
• 
  Pattnaik, S., Subramanayam, V.R., Kole, C.R. (1996). Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro. Microbios 86, 237-46.
  
• 
  Pattnaik, S., Subramanayam, V.R., Kole, C.R. and Sahoo, S. (1995). Antibacterial and antifungial activity of essential oils from Gymbopogon: Inter-specific differences. Microbios 84, 239-45.
  
• 
  Pryor, W. A. (1991) The antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention - what do we know and what do we need to find out?. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 391–393.
  
• 
  Ramarathnam, N., Osawa, T., Ochi, H., Kawakishi, S. (1995) The contribution of plant food antioxidants to human health. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 6, 75–82.
  
• 
  Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Bolwell PG, Bramley PM, Pridham JB. The relative antioxidant activities of plant-derived polyphenolic flavonoids. Free Radic Res 1995;22:375-83.
  
• 
  Rios, J. L., Recio, M.C. and Villar, A, (1987). Antibacterial activity of selected plants employed in the Spanish Mediterranean area. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21, 139-52.
  
• 
  Rios, J. L., Recio, M.C. and Villar, A, (1988). Screening methods for natural products with antibacterial activity: a review of the literature. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 23, 127-49.
  
• 
  Robards, K., Prenzler, P.D., Tucker, G., Swatsitang, P., Glover, W. (1999) Phenolic compounds and their role in oxidative processes in fruits. Food Chem. 66, 401-436.
  
• 
  Schnaubelt K. Advanced Aromatherapy: The Science of Essential Oil Therapy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press; 1998.
  
• 
  Schuster, B., Hermann, K. (1985) Hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivates in soft fruits. Phytochem. 24, 2761-2764.
  
• 
  Sherif, A., Hall, R.G. and El-Amamy, M. (1987). Drugs, insekticides and other agents from Artemisia. Medical Hypotheses 23, 187-93.
  
• 
  Strack, D. (1997) Phenolic metabolism. U: Plant Biochemistry, (Dey, P.M., Harborne, J.B., ured.), Academic Press, London, UK, str. 387-416.
  
• 
  Teuscher E (ed), Brinckmann JA, Lindenmaier MP (translators). Medicinal Spices: A Handbook of Culinary Herbs, Spices, Spice Mixtures and their Essential Oils. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. 2006;309-310.
  
• 
  Upson T, Andrews S. The Genus Lavandula. Portland, OR: Timber Press; 2004.
  
• 
  Vokou, D., Vareltzidou, S. And Katinakis, P.(1993.). Effects of aromatic plants on potato storage: sprout suppresion and antimicrobial activity. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environmet 47, 223-25.
  
• 
  Wall, M.E., Wani, M.C., Hughes, T.J., Taylor, H., 1990. Plant antimutagens. Basic Life Sci. 52, 61–78.
  
• 
  Yen, G.C., Chen, H.Y., 1994. Comparison of antimutagenic effect of various tea extracts (green, oolong, pouchong and black tea). J. Food Prot. 57, 54–58.
  
• 
  Yi, W.G., Fischer, J., Krewer, G., Akoh, C.C. (2005) Phenolic compounds from blueberries can inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, (18), 7320-7329.
  
• 
  Ziegler, R.G. (1991) Vegetables, fruits and carotenoids and the risk of cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 251–259.