Naval air warfare center training systems division technical publications
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EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wagner, A. R., Rudy, J. W., & Whitlow, J. W. (1973). Rehearsal in animal conditioning [Monograph]. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 97, 407-426. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Summary in Proceedings Entries EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smart, K. L., & Bruning, J. L. (1973). An examination of the practical import of the von Restorff effect [Summary]. Proceedings of the 81stConvention of the American Psychological Association, 8, 623-624. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Abstract Entries EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Newell, N. B. (1951). Vocabulary as a function of adult age [Abstract]. American Psychologist, 6, 420. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Citations From Secondary Sources In some cases, pertinent material is available only from a secondary source. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Campbell, J. P. (1971). Personnel training and development. In Mussen, P., & Rosemsweig, M. (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, 22, pp. 565-566. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - In some cases, reference entries from another agency or a university are available on microform. In such cases the title is italicized. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Norberg, K. D. (1966). Iconic signs and symbols in audiovisual communication. Sacramento: Sacramento State College. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 013 371) Shaeffer, C. D., & Millman, H. L. (1973). Behavior change in boys during residential treatment. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 3, 88. (Ms. No. 421) Shepherd, J. C. (1973). An evaluation of group and individual models of career counseling (Doctoral dissertation, University of Utah, 1972). Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, 3071A-3072A. (University Microfilm No. 73-29, 395) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Government Research Reports A government research report or other publication may be available from its source, the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), or the Government Printing Office (GPO). All Research reports approved for public release (i.e., those with Distribution Statement A) are archived by DTIC, where they are offered for sale to the general public. The DTIC listings are available on their website (www.DTIC.mil). Thus, any known DTIC or GPO numbers should be included in government report or other publication entries, even though it is considered that such entries are widely available from their sources. If such material is available from its source on a limited basis only, include it as a reference note. Italicize all titles of reports or other government publications. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Clements, S. D. (1966). Minimal brain dysfunction in children (NINDS Monograph No. 3, U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 1415). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Gordon, M. A., & Bottenberg, R. A. (1982, April). Prediction of unfavorable discharge by separate educational levels (PRL-TRD-62-5). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: 6570th Personnel Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division (DTIC No. AD 234 802) Miller, E. E. (1969, September). A taxonomy of response processes (HumRRO Tech. Rep. 69-16). Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization. Robertson, D. W., & Royle, M. H. (1975, August). Comparative racial analysis of enlisted advancement exams: Item difficulty (NPRDC Tech. Rep. 76-3). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. (DTIC No. AD 014 549) Yellen, T. M. I. (1975, August). Validation of the delinquent behavior inventory as a predictor of basic training attrition (NPRDC Tech. Rep. 76-3). San Diego: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center. (No. AD 015 281) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Government Directives NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV reports frequently reference other Government or Navy-unique documents such as, instructions, regulations, and tasking letters. Reference these documents according to the following examples for similar documents. Include all information the reader would need to locate the document. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Economic analysis and program evaluation for resource management (DOD Instruction 7041.3). (1972, October). Washington, DC: Department of Defense. Department of the Navy. (1988, August). Memorandum of Understanding: Prototype Mobile Pierside Trainers (MPT). Pensacola, FL: Naval Education and Training Program Management Support Activity. Department of the Navy Contract. (1988, December). Contract Number: N00612-88-0488. American Technical Institute of the American Educational Complex. Charleston, SC: Regional Contracting Department, Naval Supply Center. Letter to Commanding Officer, Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division. (1988, September 23). Subj: Evaluation of the Prototype Mobile Pierside Trainer (MPT) Program. Pensacola, FL: Naval Education and Training Program Management Support Activity (Code 047). Advanced flight instructor pilot training curriculum (CNATRAINST 1542.22D). (1985, September). NAS Corpus Christi, TX: Chief of Naval Air Training. Aircrew training manual cargo helicopter (TC 1-216). (1987, May). Washington, DC: Hq, Department of the Army. Flight instructor training course (FITC) curriculum outline (CNATRAINST 1542.15C). (1987, May). NAS Pensacola, FL: Naval Schools Command. Naval air training and operation procedures standardization program (OPNAVINST 3710-7l). (1984, September). Washington, DC: Chief of Naval Operations. Syllabus of instruction for pilot instructor training (T-38) (ATC Syllabus F-V5A-B). (1986, August). Randolph AFB, TX: Hq, Air Training Command. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CITING REFERENCES IN THE TEXT Give credit to the other authors whose work is used. The following general rules apply to citing reference within the text. a. If the reference has one author, cite the author’s surname and the year of publication. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A recent study (Jones, 1974) has shown . . . Jones (1974) has shown . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b. If the reference has two authors, cite the surnames of both and the year of publication each time it is referred to in the text. In parenthetical and tabular material, join the names by an ampersand (&). In running text, join them by “and.” EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A recent study (Jones, & Smith, 1975) has shown . . . Jones and Smith (1975) have shown . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. If the reference has more than two authors, cite the surnames of all authors and the publication date the first, time it appears in the text. In subsequent citations, include only the surname of the senior author, the abbreviation “et al.,” and the date of publication. However, if citations of two references published in the same year would shorten to the same form (e.g., Williams, Jones, & Smith, 1963 and Williams, Smith, Jones, & Brown, 1963 would both shorten to Williams et al., 1963), always cite both references in full each time they appear in text to avoid confusion. (All multiple-author citations in footnotes, tables, and figures should include surnames of all authors.) EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Williams, Jones, and Smith (1963) found . . . (first occurrence)Williams et al. (1963) found . . . (subsequent citations) or A previous study (Jones, Smith, Boren, & White, 1958) shows . . . The study previously cited (Jones et al., 1958) shows . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d. If the reference list includes entries by two or more authors with the same surnames, include their initials in the citation to avoid confusion, even if the year of publication differs. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - William, J. R., and Smith, T. B. (1963) found . . . Williams, 0. K., and Smith, J. R. (1969) found . . . Previous studies (Williams, J. R., & Smith, T. B., 1968; Williams, 0. K., & Smith, J. R., 1969) found . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e. If references by the same author appear at the same point in the text, arrange them chronologically, separate them by a comma, and enclose them in one pair of parentheses. Do not repeat the author’s name for each work. In citing more than one work by the same author in one year, repeat the year for each work and add the suffixes, a, b, c, etc., after the year. (These same suffixes are used in the reference list.) Cite in-press works last. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Previous studies (Jones, 1956, 1958, 1966a, 1966b, in press a, in press-b) have shown . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f. If references by different authors are cited at the same point in the text, arrange them alphabetically by the senior author’s surname, separated by a semicolon, and enclosed in one pair of parentheses. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Previous studies (Brown, 1958; Brown & Smith, 1965; Jones, 1953, 1954a, 1954b, 1968; Smith, 1962, 1964; Williams, 1971) have shown . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - g. If citations are within parenthetical material, use commas (not brackets) to set off the date. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (See Table 2 of Jones, 1973, for complete data) (As can be seen from Table 2 of Jones, 1953, as well as, from the report of Smith, 1964) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - h. Place references to a particular page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in the text rather than in the reference list. Whenever possible, give page numbers in books to assist readers. Page numbers are always given for quotations. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jones (1958, pp. 10-19) has found . . . A previous study (Smith, 1960, chap. 3) has shown . . . Grasse (1949) considers his test simply as a more sensitive index of “impairment in both the concrete and abstract spheres” (p. 13). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - I . If the reference has no author, cite the first two or three words of the title (enough to locate the reference in the reference list) and the publication date. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - A reference cited in the list of references as: Application of shipboard computers to instruction and training administration (RFP 00600-73-R-5476). (1973, July 9). Washington, DC: Navy Regional Purchasing Office. Would appear in the text as: (Application of shipboard computers, 1973) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - POINTERS ON STYLE SCIENTIFIC WRITING STYLE Writing style is the order and movement that you give your thoughts. It is determined by the words you use and the way you string them together and is affected by the myriad rules of punctuation, hyphenation, capitalization, and other mechanics that were learned long ago. Taken all together, these things result in style, the elusive characteristic of writing about which so many books have been written. Scientific writing has been accused of lacking style. Yet scientific writing does not have to be dull or stereotyped, regardless of the constraints of accuracy, preciseness, and brevity. The most mundane task can be reported in an interesting manner. It is only when the scientist cumbers the report with cliches, excessive verbiage, and unnecessary jargon that the charge of dullness can be made. Most scientists and engineers have developed a personal writing style through long practice, and little can be said in a manual such as this, to change basic writing habits. However, even the best writers develop quirks that can be removed if common flaws are highlighted. In addition to personal writing style, the author must also consider NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV style. This means knowing the preferred usages when practices differ among activities or among scientific fields, when there is a choice in punctuation, abbreviation, or capitalization, or when the Navy has a traditional way of expressing a phrase. This document lists preferential usages and some of the more common violations of good writing that occur in scientific and technical reports. By following these standards, authors will ensure uniformity in NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV documentation. THE REPORT TITLE AND SUBTITLE The title is the first, and sometimes the only, part of the report the reader sees. It should be short, specific, and written in standard terminology to prevent information loss. A good title informs the reader of the subject matter at a glance. It assures that the document can be called up in a library search or retrieved in modern automated document-retrieval systems. It aids the librarian to file and index the material so it is readily accessible. Authors of NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV reports should ensure that titles conform to the standard terminology for subject headings (descriptors) recommended by DTIC. In preparing a title, keep the audience in mind. Minimize the use of generalized terms that are inappropriate for indexing words such as, research development, test investigation, survey, interim, and final. Place such words at the end of the title, if they must be used, or place them in a subtitle. Libraries file documents under the first significant word in the title, and these generalized words defeat search and retrieval. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wrong: Experimental Evaluation of a Computer Assisted Instruction Study Management System (CAISMS) Right: Computer Assisted Instruction Study Management System (CAISMS): Evaluation. Wrong: Comparison of a Discovery and Didactic Strategy for Radiographic (X-ray) Interpretation Training Right: Discovery and Didactic Programs for X-ray Interpretation Training Wrong: A Method for Increasing the Training Effectiveness of Marine Corps Tactical Exercises: A Pilot Study Right: Marine Corps Tactical Exercise Training Effectiveness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Subtitles are sometimes used to allow the author to write a short, specific title that ensures maximum retrieval by researchers and gives the reader more information. The subtitle is the place to state such things as the extent and timeliness of subject matter coverage (interim report, final report, survey, pilot study, etc.) and the type of approach used (research, development, test, mathematical study, etc.). EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Title: English language Training for Puerto Rican Navy Recruits Subtitle: Evaluation of Pilot Program - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ABSTRACTS Generally, a NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV abstract should be less than 200 words and should be informative rather than descriptive. It should be an abbreviated version of the content of the report, not merely a general description of the subject matter. The abstract should state the subject of the report and the methods, findings, and conclusions of the research. Do not state well-known information unless the objective of the report is to confirm or disprove an established theory or practice. In presenting methods, discuss the experimental techniques by which the findings were obtained, describe unique tests or test apparatus, and give the origin of the data used. Findings are probably the most important part of the abstract. If there are too many for inclusion, base selection on new and verified events, findings of permanent value, significant results, findings that contradict previous theories, and findings that are relevant to a particular problem. The basis for a satisfactory abstract will ordinarily be found in the executive summary. However, do not merely repeat the executive summary. Since the abstract must stand alone, spell out abbreviations and contractions of long terms the first time they are used. For reference purposes, the title of a report is considered part of the abstract--do not needlessly repeat it. Save words by avoiding such phrases as, “This report covers . . . “ or “This report describes . . . .” Use short sentences. Measure each word for value. Revise and rewrite to tell the important facts clearly. COINED WORDS, JARGON, AND BUZZ WORDS Coined words are those invented by authors which appear to express an idea better than words found in the dictionary. Jargon is technical or specialized vocabulary used among members of a particular profession. Buzz words are expressions that suddenly become popular and are overworked in speech and writing. They are close relatives of the cliche and are as disastrous to good writing. Whenever possible, NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV authors should use layman language to convey their ideas. PLAIN LANGUAGE Big words do not make better writing. Use the simplest words possible to express your meaning. For example: Instead of Try commence begin, start designate appoint, choose, name employ use endeavor try expertise ability, skill facilitate ease, help necessitate cause, need utilized, utilization use EXCESS VERBIAGE Do not waste words. Some expressions that can be trimmed include: Instead of Try in order to to for the reason that because, since it is often the case that often it is possible the reason may be the reason may be it will be seen from examination of Figure 6 . . . Figure 6 shows . . .
d. Use the term decks, bulkheads, overheads, and ladders rather than floors, walls, ceilings, and stairs. e. Use military time (i.e., 24-hour time). Start with 0001, one minute after midnight, and continue to 2400, midnight. Do not say 2400 “hours.” f. Write dates in the following order: day, month, year (e.g., 3 October 1986). g. Use the term “enlisted personnel”-- not “sailors.” h. Use “rating” to refer to job specialty (e.g., Radioman (RM), Boatswain’s Mate (BM), Yeoman (YN)). i. Use “rate” to refer to job specialty at a given pay grade. This term is often misunderstood because of the inverse relationship that exists between rate and the middle pay grades. This relationship is illustrated by the rates for the Radioman rating listed below: (1) RMSN is a Radioman Seaman at Pay Grade E-3 (i.e., a seaman who is a “designated striker” for Radioman). (2) RM3 is a Radioman Third Class at Pay Grade E-4 (i.e., a petty officer third class). (3) RM2 is a Radioman Second Class at Pay Grade E-5 (i.e., a petty officer second class). (4) RM1 is Radioman First Class at Pay Grade E-6 (i.e., a petty officer first class). (5) RMC is a Chief Radioman at Pay Grade E-7 (i.e., a chief petty officer). (6) RMCS is a Senior Chief Radioman at Pay Grade E-8 (i.e., a senior chief petty officer). (7) RMCM is a Master Chief Radioman at Pay Grade E-9 (i.e., a master chief petty officer). j. Put the name of a ship in all caps, followed by the ship’s hull number in parentheses (e.g., USS NIMITZ (CVA 68)). Do not put a hyphen between the ship type and hull number. Do not use “the” before the name of a ship. k. In repeating a ship name in a report, do not use “USS” and the hull number. |