Naval air warfare center training systems division technical publications
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FOOTNOTES Hold footnotes to a minimum. When footnotes are essential, use them for short explanatory material that might impede the flow of the text. Also, use footnotes for exceptions to statements, sources of illustrations, citing tasking letters, etc. Avoid the temptation to use footnotes for questionably relevant material or parenthetical expressions. Generally, omit such material. When it is clearly pertinent, integrate it into the text In text, number footnotes consecutively throughout the report with superscript Arabic numerals. Footnote numbers follow any punctuation mark except a dash. The superscript number falls inside a closing parentheses if it applies only to matter within the parentheses. Place a footnote explaining a table or an illustration just below the table or illustration, not at the bottom of the page. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The operational scenario is initiated by inserting the designated program and picture disks into the microcomputer disk drives.6 __________________(20 underline marks) 6Copies of the computer disks developed for this research are held by NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV (TSD 4961). Disk programs are provided in Appendices A and B. (page number) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - QUOTATIONS Show quotations exactly as they appear in the source. Preserve the original wording, punctuation, spelling, and italics even if they are erroneous. If any errors in the source might confuse readers, insert the word sic, underlined and bracketed (i.e., [sic]), immediately after the error in the quotation (see third example below). Extend this practice even to test procedures and forms used during experiments. If such forms are significant to the report, it is imperative that they be produced exactly as given to the participants. Always cite the source of a direct quotation, including the author, year, and page number. Incorporate short quotations of a sentence or two in the text and set them off by quotation marks. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - He stated, “The ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied. Smith (1982) found that “the ‘placebo effect’ . . . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Set off quotations of more than three type written lines from the text as a free standing block. Indent each side and do not use quotation marks. Cite the source in parentheses after the final period. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smith (1982) stated: The “placebo effect,” which had [sic] been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors, both his own and others’, were never exhibited again, even when reel [sic] drugs were administered. (p. 276)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smith (1982) found that “the placebo effect,” which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner” (p. 276). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Smith (1982) stated that “the behaviors were never exhibited again [emphasis added], even when real drugs were administered” (p. 276). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - If copyrighted work is quoted at length in a NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV report, written permission is usually needed from the owner of the copyright. (Government publications are prohibited from being copyrighted by Public Law 17 USC 8.) Permissible length of quoted material varies from one copyright owner to another. For example, the American Psychological Association (APA) permits the use of 500 words of text without explicit permission. REFERENCES A reference list cites works that specifically support a particular report. This is in contrast to a bibliography, which cites works for background or further reading. The style used to cite references and to list references at the end of a NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV report follows that recommended by the APA. General Rules on Referencing The following practices govern use of references in NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV reports: a. References cited in text must appear in the reference list and, conversely, each entry in the reference list must be cited in the text. b. Each entry in the reference list must include all data necessary for identification and library search. c. In preparing a reference list, check each entry against the original publication. Give special attention to spelling of proper names and words in a foreign language. Also check for completeness of journal titles, dates, volume numbers, and page numbers. d. Check to ensure names of authors are spelled the same in the text and in the reference list. General Rules for the Reference List Entries The following practices apply to citing references in the reference lists of NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV reports: a. Arrange the four major subdivisions of a reference entry in the following order: (1) Author. All authors of the work, with surnames and initials (not full name) in inverted order. (2) Date. In parentheses, followed by a period. (3) Title. Article, chapter, or book. (4) Publication data. For journals, give journal name in full, date of publication, volume number, and inclusive pages; for books, give city of publication and publisher’s name. b. Use a period and two spaces to separate the major subdivisions of a reference entry. Use commas within the subdivisions (e.g., between volume number and page numbers in a journal entry). Use a colon between the place of publication and the book publisher. Use parentheses for extensions, qualifications, or interpretations of each subdivision or the entire entry. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1972). The elements of style (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. Stoloff, P. H. (1971). REGFIT: A curvilinear regression program. Behavioral Science , 16, 518. (CPA 419) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. For journal titles, capitalize the initial letter of all major words. For article, chapter, or book titles, capitalize the initial letter of the first word only. Make exceptions according to common usage, such as capital letters for proper names, German nouns, or first word after a colon or dash. d. Place book and journal titles and journal volume numbers in italics.
ed. edition rev. ed. revised edition 2nd ed. second edition Ed. (Eds.) Editor(s) p. (pp.) page (s) Vol. Volume (as in Vol.1) vols. volumes (as in 4 vols.) No. Number Pt. Part
Tech. Rep. Technical Report Suppl. Supplement trans. translated by f. Use Arabic numerals for all numbers in reference lists (e.g., Vol. 3, not Vol. III). However, if a Roman numeral is part of the title, do not change it to an Arabic numeral. g. An article or book accepted for publication but not yet in print may be designated as “in press.” In the reference list, it follows all other works by the same author. Provide all information possible at the time of writing. Often the citation can be completed by the time the manuscript is ready for publication. A paper or book that has been submitted but not accepted for publication should not be included in the reference list. Rather, it should be a “reference note.” Order of Reference Entries The basic rules for ordering entries in the reference list are as follows: a. List names of all authors in inverted order; i.e., the last name followed by the initial or initials (not full name). Each initial is followed by a period and a space. b. When there are multiple authors, sequence the names in the order that they appear on the book, article, or other document. Use the inverted order for all names, separating each name from the preceding name with a comma and a space. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brown, J. R., & Smith, D. F. Brown, J. R., Smith, D. F., & Jones, K. Note. Do not use titles (e.g., Dr., Mrs., Ms., CDR). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. Arrange the entries in alphabetical order by surname of the first author, using the following rules for special cases: (1) Alphabetize letter by letter. However, Brown, J. R. precedes Browning, A. R., even though “i” precedes “j” in the alphabet (2) Alphabetize the prefixes M’ and Mc literally, not as if they were spelled Mac. Thus, MacArthur precedes McAllister. (3) Alphabetize surnames that use articles and prepositions (e.g., de, la, du, von) according to different rules for different languages. If the prefix is commonly part of the surname (e.g., de Gaulle, Von Matre), alphabetize by prefix. If the prefix is not customarily used (e.g., Helmholtz rather than von Helmholtz), disregard it in alphabetization. See Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (Bibliographic Names section) for guidance on using foreign names. d. When reference entries include several works by the same author, the following rules apply: (1) Single author entries precede multiple author entries beginning with the same name. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brown, J. R. Brown, J. R., & Smith, D. F. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (2) Entries with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second author, etc. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brown, J. R., Jones, K., & Smith, D. F. Brown, J. R., & Smith, D. F. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (3) Several entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first. Entries by the same author published in the same year (or both in press) are arranged alphabetically by title (excluding “a” or “the”). Place lower case letters (a, b, etc.) after year, within the parentheses. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Jones, C. L. (1957). Proprioceptive stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 27 30. Jones, C. L. (1958a). Perception of space. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, 3 17. Jones, C. L. (1958b). Space factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 42, 91 102. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e. Occasionally, a work will have as its author an agency, association, or installation, or it will have no author at all. In such cases: (1) Alphabetize corporate authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the first significant word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g., American Psychological Association, not APA). A parent body precedes a subdivision (e.g., University of Michigan, Department of Psychology). (2) If, and only if, the work is signed “Anonymous,” use this word as the author entry and alphabetize it as if it were a true name. (3) If there is no author, move the title to the name position and alphabetize it by the first significant word of the title (i.e., disregard “a,” “an,” and “the”). EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Application of shipboard computers to instruction and training administration (RFP 00600-73-R-5476). (1973, July). Washington, DC: Navy Regional Purchasing Office. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Clarke, P. V. (1966). Psychological study of the Navajos (rev. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. Jefferds, C. V., Jr. (1960). The psychology of industrial unrest. New York: McGraw-Hill. Jefferds, C. V., Jr. (1966). The psychology of industrial unrest (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Kelly, J. T. (Ed.). (1965). Theories of Psychopathology. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Branson, R. K. (1977). Military and industrial training. In L. J. Briggs (Ed.), Instructional design principles and applications (pp. 353 360). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. Work of several volumes. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Lochren, H. R. (1938 1940). Collected work (4 vols.). London: Oxford University Press. Maher, B. A. (Ed.). (1964-1972). Progress in experimental personality research (Vols. 1-6). New York: Academic Press. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d. One volume of multivolume work. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Coleberg, E., Matthews, S. T., & Cooper, S. I. (1963). Approaches to educational psychology (Vol. 1). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Stellar, E., & Sprague, J. M. (Eds.). (1966). Progress in physiological psychology (Vol. 3). New York: Academic Press. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e. Personal or corporate author as publisher. If a personal or corporate author is also the publisher, use “Author” for the identification of the publisher. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Branam, F. P. (1960). A new theory of taste. Chicago: Author. Program Development Corporation. (1964). Program for supervisory training. Smithfield, OH: Author. United States Government Printing Office. (1984). Style manual (rev. ed.). Washington, DC: Author. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f . Book with no author. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Mathematics in type. (1954). Richmond, VA: Byrd Press. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - g. Book in press. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Hewett, F. M., & Forness, S. R. (in press). Education of exceptional learners. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Periodical Entries Titles of journals in the reference list (and in the text) are spelled out in full and underlined. Following are forms of periodical entries. a. Journal article. Give the author, date of publication, title, journal in which it was published, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and inclusive pages, in that order. The issue number (in parentheses) is used only when each issue is individually paginated. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Archer, P. W. (1950). The tactile perception of roughness. American Journal of Psychology, 63, 365-373. Atkinson, R. C., & Schiffrin, R. M. (1971). The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 225(2), 82-90. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b. Magazine and newspaper articles. Even though magazines carry volume numbers, identify them by issue date. If an article begins in the front and continues elsewhere, give all page numbers and indicate the discontinuity with a comma. When the volume number is not used (as in this case), use “p.” or “pp.” before the page numbers. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Eight APA journals initiate controversial blind reviewing. (1972, June). APA Monitor, pp. 1, 5. Miller, G. A. (1969, December). On turning psychology over to the unwashed. Psychology Today, pp. 53-54, 66-74. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Monograph Entries a. Without volume number. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Merewede, D. R. (1960). Measurement of teachers’ attitudes. Teachers College Contributions to Education, p. 643. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b. With volume number, issue number, and serial or whole number. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Maccoby, E. E., & Konrad, K. W. (1967). The effect of preparatory set on selective listening: Developmental trends. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 32 (4, Serial No. 112). Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. Bound separately as a supplement to journal. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigna, S. A. (1963). Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monogragh, 76 (1, Pt. 2). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d. Bound into journal with continuous pagination. |