Naval air warfare center training systems division technical publications
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EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - They agreed on the outcome: Informed participants performed better than uninformed participants. They agreed to order the following supplies: pencils, paper, and envelopes. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b. Use colons in ratios and proportions. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The proportions (salt water) were 1:8, 1:4, and 1:2. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. Use a colon in reference entries in the reference list to separate place of publication and publishers. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - New York: Wiley. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Quotation Marks Apply the following general rules to the use of quotation marks: a. Use double quotation marks to indicate primary quotations, whether they consist of a single word or one or two sentences. b. Use single quotation marks to indicate a quote within a quote. c. Do not use quotation marks around a primary quotation set off in a blocked paragraph. Use double quotation marks around secondary quotations within a blocked paragraph. d. Place the period and comma before the closing quotation mark, even when the quotation marks enclose a single word. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - He continuously used the expression, “hopefully.” - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e. Place colons and semicolons after the quotation mark. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - “. . . after phase 2”; however, later research . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - f. Place a question mark after the quotation mark, unless the question itself is part of the quoted material. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - He asked, “Are there any additional comments?” - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Parentheses The following general rules apply to use of parentheses: a. Use parentheses to set off structurally independent elements, references within the text, letters or figures in a series, and abbreviations. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Participants were briefed and asked to complete the questionnaire (see Appendix A). The participants were 25 recruits (13 Seamen and 12 Firemen) who had just completed boot training. Previous studies (Smith & Jones, 1970; Thomas, Ryan, & Light, 1956) showed . . . The three measures were (1) length, (2) width, and (3) depth. The participants were students attending the Basic Electricity and Electronics School (BE&E) at the Naval Training Stations (NAVTRASTA). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b. Use parentheses to enclose the citation of a direct quotation. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Larson and Sander (1975) recommended that “the performance contextual and response items be integrated into the exercise evaluation format” (p. 16). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Brackets Use brackets to set off material inserted in a quotation by some person other than the original writer. Also, they may be used to enclose parenthetical material within parentheses. However, do not use brackets if material can be set off easily with commas; e.g., (as Smith, 1970, later concluded). EXAMPLES -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Yellen (1975) states that “age [of recruits] contributes significantly to successful completion of boat camp training” (p. 7). (The results for the control group [n = 8] are given in Figure 2.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The Slant The slant, slash, diagonal (virgule, solidus) is too often substituted for the simple conjunctions “and,” “or,” and “to.” Liberal use of the slant in place of a conjunction can lead to confusion. Avoid using the slant between words when a common conjunction is better. The following types of couplets should be avoided: WRONG RIGHT test/evaluation phases test and evaluation phases ship/shore communications ship to shore communications encrypt/decrypt nodes encrypt or decrypt nodes Although the use of the slant may not cause loss of communication, the possibility exists. “Ship/shore communications” can mean “ship to shore communications,” “ship and shore communications,” or “ship or shore communications.”
If hyphenation were confined to simple adjective modifiers, the problem would be minor. However, scientific writing is characterized by the abundant use of noun modifiers. In the simplest case, one noun modifies another: shipboard training measurement program rating assignment
measurement program results rating assignment recommendations The reader is conditioned by speech and nontechnical literature to expect nouns to be subjects or objects. The hyphen in the first example tells the reader that neither “shipboard” nor “training” is the subject or object he is expecting, and that he must look ahead for it. The hyphen is an aid to comprehension and should be used for that purpose. The three-noun group sometimes becomes a modifier of a fourth noun, and so on, to further complicate hyphenation. shipboard training system components measurement program result tables rating assignment recommendation questionnaire The foregoing paragraphs are concerned with noun modifiers. In other constructions, use hyphens according to standard practices. Use the GPO Style Manual or a good dictionary to solve basic problems. Some additional pointers on hyphenation include: a. Indicate a common base by a hyphen. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8- by 1-inch frame second- or third-year programs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - b. Use the hyphen in fractional expressions such as one-half, four and three-quarters. c. Hyphenate compounds of “self”: self interest, self conscious, self centered. d. Use two hyphens to make a dash. Do not place a space before or after the dash. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Previous studies -both published and unpublished -are listed. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - e. In most cases, do not use hyphens in words with prefixes.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - aftereffect posttest antisocial preexperimental bilingual prowar coeducation pseudoscience counterbalance semidarkness extracurricular resensitize nonsignificant ultrahigh
e. Capitalize the abbreviations for Navy ranks; e.g., ADM Brown, CDR Weir. A complete list of correct rank abbreviations is included in Table 1. f. Do not capitalize expressions such as, phase I, page 1, chapter 4, section 2, paragraph 5-2, row 3, column 5. g. Capitalize factors within a factor analysis; e.g., the Activity factor. h. Capitalize the first word in table heads, major words in table titles, and the first word in a figure caption. i. Capitalize the word table, figure, or appendix only when referring to a specific case (e.g., Table 1 or Appendix A). j. Use initial caps for enlisted ratings; e.g., Boatswain’s Mate, Fire Control Technician, Yeoman. k. Material typed in all caps can be difficult to read. Therefore, limit—or avoid altogether—the use of all caps for emphasis. METRICATION SECNAVINST 4120.19B implements DOD policies and procedures for use of the metric system. One of these policies calls for the inclusion of metric units of measurement in addition to or in place of inch and pound units in technical reports, studies, and position papers. The metric system being used by DOD (and APA) is the International System of Units, which is an extension and refinement of the traditional metric system. The APA Publication Manual, Fourth Edition, contains a number of tables intended to assist authors in converting physical measurements to metrication. Use these tables when metric units of measurements are required in NAVAIRWARCENTRASYSDIV reports. UNDERSCORING Underscoring is used to emphasize a word or expression. However, do not overburden the report with underscores. The effect of emphasis is lost if it is overdone. Do underscore letters used as symbols for statistical concepts and for certain conventional test scores (e.g., t, N, df, an F ratio, a T score, a Q sort; the W, d, or F% of the Rorschach; the Hs and Pd scales of the MMPI). Also, underscore titles of published books. Table I
Vice Admiral VADM Rear Admiral RADM Commodore COMO Captain CAPT Commander CDR Lieutenant Commander LCDR Lieutenant LT Lieutenant Junior Grade LTJG Ensign ENS Chief Warrant Officer CWO5 Chief Warrant Officer CWO4 Chief Warrant Officer CWO3 Chief Warrant Officer CWO2 Warrant Officer WO _________________________________________________________________________ Marine Corps, Air Force, and Army Officers _________________________________________________________________________ Marines Air Force Army General Gen Gen GEN Lieutenant General LtGen Lt Gen LTG Major General MajGen Maj Gen MG Brigadier General BGen Brig Gen BG Colonel Col Col COL Table I (Continued) _________________________________________________________________________ Marines Air Force Army Lieutenant Colonel LtCol Lt Col LTC Major Maj Maj MAJ Captain Capt Capt CPT First Lieutenant 1stLt 1st Lt 1LT Second Lieutenant 2ndLt 2nd Lt 2LT Chief Warrant Officer 5 CWO5 CW5 Chief Warrant Officer 4 CWO4 CW4 Chief Warrant Officer 3 CWO3 CW3 Chief Warrant Officer 2 CWO2 CW2 Warrant Officer WO WO1
Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard MCPOCG Master Chief Petty Officer MCPO Senior Chief Petty Officer SCPO Chief Petty Officer CPO Petty Officer First Class PO1 Petty Officer Second Class PO2 Petty Officer Third Class PO3 Airman (includes Apprentice and Recruit) AN or AA or AR Table I (Continued) Constructionman (includes Apprentice and Recruit) CN or CA or CR
and Recruit) DN or DA or DR Fireman (includes Apprentice and Recruit) FN or FA or SR Hospitalman (includes Apprentice and Recruit) HN or HA or HR Seaman (includes Apprentice and Recruit) SN or SA or SR ____________________________________________________________________________ Marine Corps Enlisted ____________________________________________________________________________ Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps SgtMaj
First Sergeant 1stSgt Master Sergeant MSgt Gunnery Sergeant GySgt Staff Sergeant SSgt Sergeant Sgt Corporal Cpl Lance Corporal LCpl Private First Class PFC Private Pvt Table I (Continued)
Sergeant Major of the Army SMA Command Sergeant Major CSM Sergeant Major SGM First Sergeant 1SG
Sergeant First Class SFC Staff Sergeant SSG Sergeant SGT Corporal CPL Private First Class PFC Private PVT Specialists (all grades) SP 7 SP 6 (etc.)
____________________________________________________________________ Air Force Enlisted ____________________________________________________________________ Chief Master Sergeant of theAir Force CMSAF Chief Master Sergeant CMSgt Senior Master Sergeant SMSgt Master Sergeant MSgt Technical Sergeant TSgt Staff Sergeant SSgt Sergeant Sgt Senior Airman SrA Airman First Class AIC Airman Amn Airman Basic AB
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - In this case, let
e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d. Avoid the use of semicolons at the end of a displayed equation by rephrasing the preceding part of the sentence so that the equation ends the sentence. e. In typing single letter terms in the text (e.g., a, b, c), underscore them to distinguish them as mathematical terms (e.g., “If a were a parameter, then c would be . . . “). f. Do not break a short equation in text at the end of a line. Reword the sentence to fill out the line or center the equation on a line by itself. g. Set an equation too long for one line flush left and set the second half flush right. Balance the two parts as nearly as possible. h. Align two or more equations in series on the equal signs and center them on the longest equation in the group. i. Set connecting words of explanation (e.g., hence, therefore, and similarly) flush left, either on the same line with the equation or on a separate line. j. Make parentheses, braces, brackets, integral signs, and summation signs the same height as the mathematical expressions they include. NUMBERS The important rules on using numbers include: a. Use Arabic rather than Roman numerals except in special circumstances (e.g., Mark I Torpedo, phase II). b. As a general rule, use a figure for a single number of 10 or more. However, do not start a sentence with numbers that require more than two words. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Wrong: Three hundred and fifty students took the test. Right: The test was given to 350 students. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - c. Use figures for groups of two or more numbers or for related numbers, if any one number is greater than nine. EXAMPLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Each of 15 students (9 Radiomen and 6 Yeomen) was given a different problem. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d. Use figures for all units of measurement (e.g., 5 days, 7 years, 200 MHz, 10 degrees). Remember that all references to physical measurements (e.g., feet, inches) must include metric units of measurement in addition to or in lieu of U.S. customary units (see “Metrication”). e. Use figures in a series; e.g., 1, 3, 5, and 8. f. Use the same rules for ordinal numbers. EXAMPLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The fourth group contained three items. He completed the 8th and 12th sessions. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Abbreviations of Long Terms The following rules apply to abbreviations and acronyms for long terms: a. Spell out the long term the first time it is used and follow it with the abbreviation or acronym in parentheses. b. If a long term is used only once or twice in a report, do not bother with an abbreviation or acronym unless it is important to do so (e.g., if the acronym has become recognizable by use). c. Do not spell out an abbreviation or acronym that has become so well known that it is universally understood or has entered the language as a word. Sonar and radar are now considered words rather than abbreviations for “sound navigation and ranging” and “radio detection and ranging.” Other abbreviations that need no explanation include IBM, UNICEF, IRS, USN, USCG, USMC, NATO, FCC, UN, provided they are used in a context that makes recognition immediate. d. If a report has a large number of abbreviations and acronyms, include a list for clarity. e. Do not invent another acronym unless it enhances communication or the visibility of a new system, test, or procedure. f. Plural acronyms are written without an apostrophe (e.g., TRs). Omit the apostrophe for plurals if the “s” can stand alone without confusion (e.g., 1980s). |