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Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Magisterská diplomová práce


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1.3 Implicitation

Implicitation has been perceived as a process inseparable from the process of explicitation or in other words a counterpart to explicitation. Vinay and Darbelnet define implicitation as an antonym to explicitation, i.e. “a stylistic translation technique which consists of making what is explicit in the source language implicit in the target language, relying on the context or the situation for conveying the meaning” (1958/1995: 344). Klaudy and Károly provided the following definition:

“Implicitation occurs, for instance, when a SL unit with a specific meaning is

replaced by a TL unit with a more general meaning; when translators combine the meanings of several SL words in one TL word; when meaningful lexical elements of the SL text are dropped in the TL text; when two or more sentences in the ST are conjoined into one sentence in the TT; or, when ST clauses are reduced to phrases in the TT, etc.” (Klaudy and Károly, 2005: 15).


Hopkinson (2007) associates implicitation with two phenomena: “co-textually retrievable information and real-world knowledge (contained within the pragmatic context, i.e. the knowledge shared between communicants)”.

Similarly as in the case of the concept of explicitation and its relation to addition and specification parallel confusion can be found with implicitation, omission and generalization. Which of these terms subsumes the others? Which of them is the most general? What is the difference between the three? It is rather difficult to decide whether a piece of information is omitted or only implicitated in the target text, whether a source text concept is simplified or whether some of its meaning components are implicitated. It can be argued that “unlike omissions, implicitations allow a non-negligible likelihood that the segment in question will occur in a back-translation” (Kamenická, 2007a: 25) but still, on the scale from implicitation to omission, where are we to draw the borderline? Another problem seems to be the standard association of implicitation with generalization. According to Kamenická (e.g. 2007b, 47-55), not only evidence for generalizing explicitation but also for specifying implicitation can be found in corpora.

It is generally believed that the inclination towards producing more explicit texts is always stronger than the tendency towards implicitation. Nonetheless, a number of studies that prove that this claim is not always true have been published. Hopkinson argues that “implicitation may be equally significant and equally worthy of research as explicitation” (2008: 43). These two processes “should be treated in tandem, under the more general heading ‘shifts of explicitness’” (ibid).

1.4 Simplification

Another feature of translations that has been suggested to be a candidate for a translation universal is simplification. It is conceived as “the idea that translators subconsciously simplify the language [of the original text] or message or both” (Baker 1996: 176; cited from Laviosa-Braithwäite, 1996: 535). Three types of simplification tend to be delimited: lexical, syntactic and stylistic. Laviosa-Braithwäite (ibid) quotes Blum-Kulka and Levenston’s definition that simplification is “the process and/or result of making do with less words (Blum-Kulka and Levenston, 1983: 119). Examples of lexical simplification can be the following: use of superordinate terms, approximation of concepts, use of “common-level” synonyms, transfer of functions of the SL term into the functions of the TL equivalent, use of circumlocutions and use of paraphrases (Laviosa-Braithwäite, 1998: 288).

Simplification, however, can be identified on syntactic and stylistic levels as well (e.g. Vanderauwera, 1985). What are the ways of dealing with (complex) syntax patterns that would sound unnatural in the target language? What about unusual phraseology or repetitions? Differences between original texts and translations in the same languages can also be searched for. Several aspects have been studied from this perspective: the range of vocabulary used, lexical density, sentence length etc. (Laviosa-Braithwäite, 1998: 288-9).

1.5 Normalization/Conventionalization

In the research into the universals of translation, it has also been observed that translators tend to standardize the source text utterances in order to produce more conventional target texts when compared to the original texts. Similarly as with the other universals, these shifts can be found in the lexical choice, punctuation, sentence structure and organization of the text, style, etc. (e.g. Vanderauwera, 1985: 93, cited from Laviosa-Braithwäite, 1998: 289-290).

Unusual names are adapted, atypical phraseology simplified, metaphors substituted by more common similes, unusual punctuation standardized, missing punctuation replaced, unfinished sentences completed; texts accommodate to established models of the target culture, various authors’ idiosyncrasies are obscured and no traces of them can sometimes be found in the translations. In Scott’s words, translators sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously render “idiosyncratic text features in such a way as to make them conform to the typical textual characteristics of the target language” (Scott, 1996: 112, quoted from Gerzymisch-Arbogast, 2007). “[A]ll these manipulations have the effect of creating a text which is more readable, more idiomatic, more familiar and more coherently organized than the original” (Laviosa-Braithwäite, ibid).

Other potential translation universals have been proposed, different names have been used for the same groups of features, and different boundaries between the concepts have been drawn. The aim of the present thesis, however, is not to provide the complex and exhausting overview of all approaches and perspectives to all possible universal features of translations. The four most often quoted hypothesized universals have been introduced, particular attention having been paid to explicitation and implicitation as the two main issues of interest of the present thesis.



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