Masaryk university

Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 43, No. 2 (2008): 234.

129 Bill Park, Turkey's policy towards Northern Iraq: problems and perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 18.

130 Emrullah Uslu, “Imprisoned PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Preparing a Roadmap to Peace in Turkey’s Ethnic-Kurdish Insurgency,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 24 (August 2009).

131 Bill Park, Turkey's policy towards Northern Iraq: problems and perspectives (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 13.

132 Ali Carkoglu and William Hale, eds., The politics of modern Turkey: critical issues in modern politics. Vol. III Modern Turkey’s Foreign Policy (London: Routledge, 2008), p. 259.

133 “Belgium deals heaviest blow to PKK in Europe,” Today’s Zaman, March 5, 2010, http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-203350-belgium-deals-heaviest-blow-to-pkk-in-europe.html, accessed March 8, 2010.

134 Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller, Turkey’s Kurdish Question (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), p. 34.

135 David McDowall, A Modern history of the Kurds (London: Tauris, 2004), p. 459.

136 Peter Wallensteen, Understanding Conflict Resolution (London: Sage Publications, 2007), p. 47.

137 Emrullah Uslu, “Imprisoned PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Preparing a Roadmap to Peace in Turkey’s Ethnic-Kurdish Insurgency,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 24 (August 2009).

138 Abdullah Ocalan, “Proposals for Solution to the Kurdish Question in Turkey,” December 2007, http://freedom-for-ocalan.com/english/download/proposals-for-a-solution.pdf, accessed March 2010.

139 Ibid.

140 Emrullah Uslu, “Imprisoned PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Preparing a Roadmap to Peace in Turkey’s Ethnic-Kurdish Insurgency,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 24 (August 2009).

141 Emrullah Uslu, “Resolution of Turkey’s ‘Kurdish Question’ in Critical Stage as PKK Threatens to End Peace Initiatives,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 8, Issue 7 (February 2010).

142 Soli Ozel, “Kurdish Opening: Onto the Second Round,” GMF Analysis on Turkey (December 2003, 2009): 2.

143 Emrullah Uslu, “PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Challenges Omission from Peace Initiative from His Prison Cell,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 37 (December 2009).

144 Cengiz Candar, “The Kurdish Question: The Reasons and Fortunes of the ‘Opening’,” Insight Turkey, Vol. 11, No. 4 (2009): 16.

145 In November 2008 Erdogan stated “One nation, one flag, one motherland and one state. Those who oppose this should leave.“ “Erdogan’s comment rattles Kurds in Diyarbakir,” Today’s Zaman, November 4, 2008, http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=157780, accessed February 29, 2010.

146 Laurie Freeman, ed, A Roadmap for a Solution to the Kurdish Question: Policy Proposals from the Region for the Government (Istanbul: TESEV Publications, 2008).

147 For instance Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights (London: Pluto Press, 2005) or Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds Ascending: The Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in Iraq and Turkey (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008).

148 Peter Wallensteen, Understanding Conflict Resolution (London: Sage Publications, 2007), p. 47.

149 Emrullah Uslu, “Turkey’s Kurdish Problem: Steps Toward Solution,” Studies in Conflict &Terroris, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2007): 166.

150 “Still Critical: Prospect in 2005 for Internally Displaced People in Turkey,” Human Rights Watch. Vol. 12, No. 2 (2005).

151 Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights (London: Pluto Press, 2005), p. 112.

152 “PKK turnover offers hope for end to Kudish problem,” Today’s Zaman, October 19, 2009, http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-190401-101-pkk-move-marks-critical-threshold-in-laying-down-arms.html, accessed April 14, 2010.

153 The current 1982 constitution has been exposed to strong controversy for lack of regard for basic rights and freedoms. According to the constitution the state recognizes only the existence of non-Muslim ethnic minorities and therefore does not allow formation of any minority political party. Ergil Dogu. “PKK: The Kurdistan Workers’ Party” in Terror, insurgency, and the state: ending protracted conflicts, eds. M. Heiberg, B. O’Leary, J. Tirman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), p. 324.

154 “Constitutional amendment package will result in changes to 107 laws,” Today’s Zaman, April 11, 2010, http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-207070-constitutional-amendment-package-will-result-in-changes-to-107-laws.html, accessed April 12, 2010.

155 “Experts remain divided on Turkish President’s authority on referendum,” Hürriyet Daily News, April 7, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=experts-remain-divided-on-president8217s-authority-on-referendum-2010-04-07, accessed April 8, 2010.

156 “CHP’s proposals rise hopes of compromise on Turkish reform package,” Hürriyet Daily News, April 12, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=chp8217s-proposals-raise-hopes-for-reconciliation-on-reform-package-2010-04-12, accessed April 12, 2010.

157 “AKP rejects CHP’s proposal to split reform package,” Hürriyet Daily News, April 14, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=chp-renews-calls-to-akp-for-consensus-over-the-reform-package-2010-04-14, accessed April 15, 2010.

158 “Pro-Kurdish party introduces own draft on constitution,” Hürriyet Daily News, March 29, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=pro-kurdish-party-introduces-its-own-draft-showing-its-readiness-for-bargain-2010-03-29, accessed March 30, 2010.

159 The major party is followed by the CHP (97), the MHP (69), and the BDP (20). Total number of seats in the parliament is 542.

160 “AKP deputy resigns from party ahead of Turkish Parliament vote,” Hürriyet Daily News, April 12, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=akp-dissident-mp-resigns-from-the-party-2010-04-12, accessed April 13, 2010.

161 “Turkish constitutional changes have 48 percent support Metropoll says,” Hürriyet Daily News, March 26, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkish-constitutional-changes-have-48-percent-support-metropoll-says-2010-03-26, accessed March 26, 2010.

162 “Constitutional amendment package will result in changes to 107 laws,” Today’s Zaman, April 11, 2010, http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-207070-constitutional-amendment-package-will-result-in-changes-to-107-laws.html, accessed April 12, 2010.

163 International Crisis Group (ICG), “Turkey and Europe: the Decisive Year Ahead,” Europe Report 197, 15 December 2008.

164 Ibid.

165 Ferhad Ibrahim and Gülistan Gürbey, eds., The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Obstacles and Changes for Peace and Democracy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), p. 64.

166 Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).

167 “Charter of the United Nations,” 1945, http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/, accessed April 2010.

168 “Merkel to rip open an old wound in Turkey: privileged partnership,” Today’s Zaman, March 23, 2010, http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/news-205159-merkel-to-rip-open-an-old-wound-in-turkey-privileged-partnership.html, accesssed March 25, 2010.

169 Louis Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), p. 151.

170 Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 88.

171 Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).

172 Ibid.

173 International Crisis Group (ICG). “Turkey and Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?,” Middle East Report 81, 13 November 2008, p. 9.

174 Stephen F. Larrabee and Ian O. Lesser. “Turkey and the United States” in The Politics of Modern Turkey, eds. Ali Carkoglu and William Hale (London: Routledge, 2008), p. 210.

175 For instance: International Crisis Group (ICG). “Turkey and Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?,” Middle East Report 81, 13 November 2008.

176 Gareth Jenkins, “Turkey and Northern Iraq: An Overview,” The Jamestown Foundation, Occasional Paper, February 2008.

177 International Crisis Group (ICG). “Turkey and Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?,” Middle East Report 81, 13 November 2008.

178 Ibid.

179 International Crisis Group (ICG). “Turkey and Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?,” Middle East Report 81, 13 November 2008.

180 Emrullah Uslu, “Turkey Addresses PKK Challenge after Iraq Reaches Status of Forces Agreement with United States,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 2 (January 2009).

181 Ibid.

182 International Crisis Group (ICG). “Turkey and Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?,” Middle East Report 81, 13 November 2008.

183 Craig Calhoun, “The variability of belonging: A reply to roger Brubaker,” Ethnicities, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2003): 558-568.

184 Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).

185 Lewis A. Coser, Continuities in the study of social conflict (New York: Free Press, 1967).

186 Ferhad Ibrahim and Gülistan Gürbey, eds., The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey. Obstacles and Changes for Peace and Democracy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), p. 25.

187 Michael Gunter, “Turkey’s New Neighbour, Kurdistan” in The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq, eds. Brendan O’Leary, John McGarry, and Khaled Salih (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).

188 Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 53.

189 Ibid., 126.

190 Louis Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).

191 Commision of the European Communities, “Turkey 2009 Progress Report,” Commision Staff Working Document SEC(2009)1334, 14 October 2009, http://www.abgs.gov.tr/files/AB_Iliskileri/Tur_En_Realitons/Progress/turkey_progress_report_2009.pdf, accessed April 2010.

192 Rabia Karakaya Polat, “The AKP and the Kurdish Issue: What Went Wrong?” SETA Policy Brief No. 14, May 2008.

193 “EU welcomes Turkey’s reform package but urges freedoms,” Hürriyet Daily News, April 13, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=eu-welcomes-reform-package-but-urges-freedoms-2010-04-13, accessed April 14, 2010.

194 “Turkish National Programme for the adoption of the Aquis.“ 2008, http://www.isgucsahibi.net/condocs//ekutuphane/npaa_full.pdf, accessed April 2010.

195 For instance: Kerim Yildiz, The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights (London: Pluto Press, 2005).

196 “Stefan Fule European Parliament Hearing Report. Enlargement and Neighbourhood Policy.“ Neweurope, Issue 869, January 13, 2010, http://www.neurope.eu/articles/98479.php, accessed April 2, 2010.

197 “Ankara Agreement.” 1963, http://www.abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=117&l=2, accessed April 2010.

198 Harun Arikan, Turkey and the EU. An Awkward Candidate for EU Membership (Aldershot/Burlington: Ashgate, 2003).

199 Michael M. Gunter, The Kurds Ascending: The Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in Iraq and Turkey (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008), p. 81.

200 David L. Phillips, “Disarming, Demobilizing, and Reintegrating the Kurdistan Workers’ Party,” National Committee on American Foreign Policy, October 15, 2007, http://www.ncafp.org/articles/07%20Report%20on%20Disarming,%20Demobilizing%20and%20Reintegrating%20the%20Kurdistan%20Workers%20Party.pdf, accessed February 2010.

201 International Crisis Group (ICG). “Turkey and Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?,” Middle East Report 81, 13 November 2008.

202 Emily Zivanov Kaiser, “Turkey’s ‘Kurdish Issue’: A Sourmountable Challenge?” NIMEP Insights, Vol. 2 (Spring 2006).

203 Ibid.

204 Henri J. Barkey, Preventing Conflict over Kurdistan (Washington D.C./Moscow/Beijing/Beirut/Brussels: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009).

205 Emrullah Uslu, “Turkey Addresses PKK Challenge after Iraq Reaches Status of Forces Agreement with United States,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 2 (January 2009).

206 “Turkey and Iraq’s Kurds: Loving thy Neighbor,” KRG News, April 12, 2010, http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr=12&smap=02010200&rnr=73&anr=34577, accessed April14, 2010.

207 “Turkey more prepared to engage in Northern Iraq, envoy says,” Hürriyet Daily News, April 9, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=changing-times8217-between-turkey-and-northern-iraq-2010-04-08, accessed April 11, 2010.

208 “From the Bosphorus: Straight – The US action plan against the PKK?” Hürriyet Daily News, February 8, 2010, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=from-the-bosphorus-straight-----the-u.s.-action-plan-against-pkk-2010-02-08, accessed April 3, 2010.

209 Barkey Henri J, “A Chance for Turkish-Kurdish Peace,” Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2009.

210 Louis Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998).

211 Ibid.

212 Emrullah Uslu, “Resolution of Turkey’s ‘Kurdish Question’ in Critical Stage as PKK Threatens to End Peace Initiatives,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 8, Issue 7 (February 2010).

213Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), p. 6.

214 Emrullah Uslu, “PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Challenges Omission from Peace Initiative from His Prison Cell,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 7, Issue 37 (December 2009).

215 “Turkey must allow refugees to return without fear,” Amnesty International, October 2, 2009, http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/news/turkey-must-allow-refugees-return-without-fear-20091023, accessed April 5, 2010.

216 Emrullah Uslu, “Resolution of Turkey’s ‘Kurdish Question’ in Critical Stage as PKK Threatens to End Peace Initiatives,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 8, Issue 7 (February 2010).

217 Lewis A. Coser, Continuities in the study of social conflict (New York: Free Press, 1967).

218 Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970).

219 Ergil Dogu. “PKK: The Kurdistan Workers’ Party” in Terror, insurgency, and the state: ending protracted conflicts, eds. M. Heiberg, B. O’Leary, J. Tirman (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), p. 350-351.

220 Cochrane Fergal, “Irish-America, the End of IRA’s Armed Struggle and the Utility of ‘Soft Power’,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 44, No. 2 (2007): 215-231.