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Loranthus


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Loranthus



Loranthus europaeus

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

(unranked):

Angiosperms

(unranked):

Eudicots

(unranked):

Core eudicots

Order:

Santalales

Family:

Loranthaceae

Genus:

Loranthus
Jacq.

Loranthus is a genus of parasitic plants that grow on the branches of woody trees. It belongs to the family Loranthaceae (the showy mistletoe family). [1] In most earlier systematic treatments it contains all mistletoe species with bisexual flowers (though some species have reversed to unisexual flowers), while most modern systematists treat it as a monotypic genus with the only species Loranthus europaeus Jacq. - the summer mistletoe or European yellow mistletoe. In contrast to the wellknown European or Christmas mistletoe (Viscum album L., Santalaceae or Viscaceae) this species is deciduous. The systematic situation of Loranthus is not entirely clear, and some showy mistletoes in Asia may be true parts of this genus.

Contents


[hide]

[edit] Distribution


The showy mistletoes can be found throughout the world. If the genus is treated in a restricted sense, the species L. europaeus is restricted to central-southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, where it often partially parasite species of oak.

[edit] Characteristics


Some species in the broad sense of Loranthus are troublesome parasites, for example they occur in Kerala India as a menace on mango trees (Mangifera indica), a majority of the Anogeissus latifolia trees in the Biligirirangan Hills of Karnataka are infected by Loranthus sp and in Africa as pests in cocoa plantations. These plants grows strongly on ageing trees particularly somewhere in the middle of old branches. Once established, it steals minerals and water, as well as block sunlight by covering the encroached place. The flowers of Loranthus europaeus are small, green, usually have four to six parts and may be either unisexual or bisexual. Other species of a broader Loranthus have very large, showy flowers, with blooms in lively colours. The fruits are berries, usually containing a single seed, that are dispersed by birds.

[edit] Control


Cutting the branch affected by Loranthus before it spreads to other branches of the tree may be a method.[citation needed] For some Asian species using larvae of the Common Jezebel butterfly would be a method of natural control.[citation needed] The leaves of these loranths are food for the larvae. The larvae grow in scores and hence can quickly eat away the leaves of the mistletoe. Moreover, the larvae undergo metamorphosis later into beautiful butterflies called Common Jezebel which are very good pollinators and hence useful for trees.

[edit] References


  1. ^ Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Loranthus

Loranthaceae


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search



Loranthaceae



Ligaria cuneifolia

Scientific classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

(unranked):

Angiosperms

(unranked):

Eudicots

(unranked):

Core eudicots

Order:

Santalales

Family:

Loranthaceae

Genera

See text





Psittacanthus flowering atop a tree

Loranthaceae is a family of flowering plants, which has been universally recognized by taxonomists. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemi-parasites, all of them except three having the mistletoe habit. The three terrestrial species are Nuytsia floribunda - the Australian Christmas tree, Atkinsonia ligustrina - a rare shrub of the Blue Mountains of Australia, and the Central to South American species of Gaiadendron punctatum.

Originally Loranthaceae contained all mistletoe species, but the typical Christmas mistletoes of Europe and North America (the genera Viscum and Phoradendron) belong to the family Santalaceae; previously these two genera were in a separate family, Viscaceae, which has been merged into Santalaceae.

The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998) assigns the family to the order Santalales in the clade core eudicots.

Genera

  • Actinanthella

  • Aetanthus

  • Agelanthus

  • Alepis

  • Amyema

  • Amylotheca

  • Atkinsonia

  • Bakerella

  • Baratranthus

  • Benthamina

  • Berhautia

  • Cecarria

  • Cladocolea

  • Cyne

  • Dactyliophora

  • Decaisnina

  • Dendropemon

  • Dendropthoe

  • Desmaria

  • Diplatia

  • Distrianthes

  • Elytranthe

  • Emelianthe

  • Englerina

  • Erianthemum

  • Gaiadendron

  • Globimetula

  • Helicanthes

  • Helixanthera

  • Ileostylus

  • Ixocactus

  • Kingella

  • Lampas[disambiguation needed]

  • Lepeostegeres

  • Lepidaria

  • Ligaria

  • Loranthus

  • Loxanthera

  • Lysiana

  • Macrosolen

  • Moquiniella

  • Muellerina

  • Notanthera

  • Nuytsia

  • Oliverella

  • Oncella

  • Oncocalyx

  • Oryctanthus

  • Oryctina

  • Panamanthus

  • Papuanthes

  • Pedistylis

  • Peraxilla

  • Phragmanthera

  • Phthirusa

  • Plicosepalus

  • Psittacanthus

  • Pusillanthus

  • Scurrula

  • Septulina

  • Socratina

  • Sogerianthe

  • Spragueanella

  • Struthanthus

  • Tapinanthus

  • Taxillus

  • Tetradyas

  • Thaumasianthes

  • Tolypanthus

  • Trilepidea

  • Tripodanthus

  • Tristerix

  • Trithecanthera

  • Tupeia

  • Vanwykia

[edit] Distribution






[edit] See also


  • Parasitic plant

[edit] External links


  • Media related to Loranthaceae at Wikimedia Commons

  • Loranthaceae on the Parasitic Plant Connection web site

  • Loranthaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.

  • NCBI Taxonomy Browser

  • Notanthera heterophylla illustrations

  • Chilean Loranthaceae at Chileflora

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loranthaceae"

Categories: Eudicot families | Santalales

Hidden categories: Articles with 'species' microformats | Articles with links needing disambiguation


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  • This page was last modified on 14 January 2011 at 16:42


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