Acknowledgements. I thank the US National Science Foundation for funding (BSR-89-06544; DEB 94-06987, DEB-00-87040) and the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument for permitting this study. Scott Anderson, Chris Beal, Erin Ellis, Celia Fairbourn, Roger Fuller, Jodi Galiher, Michelle Hopple, Chad Jones, Suzanne Remillard, Lara Rozzell, Jon Titus and David Wood ably assisted with fieldwork. Ben Kerr and Janneke Hille Ris Lambers provided sage advice that greatly improved this report. Three anonymous reviewers and Kerry D. Woods provided comments that improved this paper, which is contribution No. 51, Mount St. Helens Succession Project, University of Washington Department of Biology.
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