Контрольная работа 1 Для того чтобы правильно выполнить работу 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса
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Вариант 3 I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. 1. The delegation is reported to have left London. 2. This mine is considered to be the best in the district. 3. Hearing the bell ring he went to see who was at the door. 4. The house appears to have been built in the eighteenth century. II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов. 1. The ship now being unloaded by the workers will leave the port tomorrow morning. 2. The doctor, having felt his pulse and examined his wounds, declared that he was much better. 3. She showed the travelers into the room reserved for them.
2. If he were younger, I am sure, he would go camping too. 3. If he could ski, he wouldn’t have stayed in town, when we went to the woods.
1. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM. 2. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data. 3. Floppy disk (diskette) — thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5". 5.25" is not used in modern computer systems because of it relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 3.5" disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used. 4. CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays. 5. The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. 6. Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. 7. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics. 8. Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. 9. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap. Пояснения к тексту: capacity — вместительность circuitry — эл. цепи CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер» input hardware — устройства ввода данных lap — колени output hardware — выходные устройства отображения информации processing hardware — устройства обработки данных RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство) ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство) CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD) sensitive — чувствительный sophisticated — сложный storage hardware — устройства хранения данных temporarily — временно temporary — временный the purpose — цель tier — ярус to affect — влиять to convert — преобразовывать to direct — управлять to execute — выполнять to interpret — переводить to provide — обеспечивать to reach — достигать to retrieve — извлекать to roll — катать, перекатывать volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный
2. What is CD-ROM used for? 3. Can a user record his or her data on a CD? 4. What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD- ROM, RAM or ROM? 5. What is modem used for? 6. Can PC-user communicate with other people without a modem? 7. What is the purpose of storage hardware? 8. What are the most common ways of storing data? Вариант 4 I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. 1. The ship was reported to have arrived in Odessa. 2. The expedition is said to have reached Vladivostok. 3. I don’t like you to say such things. 4. He seemed to know the subject well. II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов. 1. Having been well prepared for the examination, the student could answer all the questions the teacher asked him. 2. He left the room seen by no one. 3. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as possible.
2. If it hadn’t been so cold yesterday, we might have gone to the skating-rink. 3. If I were you, I would have told him the truth long ago.
1. A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. 2. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed. 3. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software. 4. System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the system programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in. 5. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part. However, in modern computer systems the drivers are usually installed in the operating system. 6. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view. 7. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet. Пояснения к тексту: to attach - присоединять to check - проверять control - управление to direct - управлять, руководить developer - разработчик general-purpose - общего назначения to handle - управлять, обращаться с internal - внутренний to provide with - обеспечивать чем-либо mainboard - материнская плата peripheral - периферийный to transfer - переводить, переносить regard - отношение regardless - несмотря на, безотносительно Web-browser - «браузер» security - безопасность specific - конкретный, определенный V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
Вариант 5 I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. 1. He is known to have a large collection of pictures. 2. The weather can be expected to improve soon. 3. Put on a thicker coat, I don’t want you to catch cold. 4. The play seems to have made a deep impression on him. II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов. 1. Being checked with great care, the report didn’t contain any errors. 2. While learning the pronunciation of the words we learned their meaning. 3. The leaves lying on the ground reminded us of autumn.
2. If you gave me the article tomorrow, I would give it back to you on Saturday. 3. If he hadn’t announced his decision to go away last week, he would stay with us.
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. They created the first operating system. 2. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. 3. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands. 4. The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number. 5. Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities. 6. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled. 7. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows - multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use. 8. Windows 95 & 98, are still the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible. 9. The new series of operating system by Microsoft are Windows Millenium, Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Each of these new products is addressed to the both corporate and private clients. New strategy of the Microsoft is aimed at creating «a one for all» product, which will be useful for both the beginners and advanced users. Пояснения к тексту: complex - сложный to realize - понять, осознать multiple users - многочисленные пользователи smart - умный decade - декада, десятилетие simultaneously - одновременно top - верх, вершина are shipped - поставляются to desire - желать V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы: 1. What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's? 2. Why were the first programs «complex» and «time- consuming»? 3. What are the basic functions of operating system? 4. What does the abbreviation DOS mean? 5. What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? 6. What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS- DOS 7. What does the abbreviation NT stand for? 8. What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems? Вариант 6 I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. 1. The results of the experiment can’t be considered bad. 2. This football team can’t be expected to win. 3. We knew him to be very brave. 4. He happened to be at home at that time. II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов. 1. Having been defeated, the enemy was obliged to retreat. 2. Having received the information required, the sellers sent the buyers their offer. 3. Books read in childhood seem like old friends.
2. If he trained more, he would succeed in setting a record. 3. If you had apologized straight away, he would have forgiven you.
1. Windows 98 is an operational system with an easy interface based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and their types. Windows 98 is the enhanced version of Windows95. 2. Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact easy. Most everyday tasks are now easier to accomplish than ever before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. The old Windows 3.0 Program Manager and File Manager have been replaced. The desktop tools that replace them are very like those found on a Macintosh. For example, there is a Recycle Bin that makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. 3. Your computer probably will crash and buzz less running Windows 98 than it did with Windows 3.1 and 3.0 or even DOS. Most memory related problems have been removed. Built-in networking features make it easy to reliably share files with co-workers across the room or across the world. Still you can run DOS programs and older Windows applications but most users will probably want to spend most of their time using Windows 98 applications instead. 4. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we'll all think more about our data and less about the specific name-brand programs used to create them. 5. Window 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. And portable computer users will like what Microsoft has done to make their lives calmer. 6. A new Windows shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files and other necessities. A new Find feature helps you to locate and examine the contents of files in a flash. 7. Most of this is accomplished without sacrificing performance. In fact, many things (like printing) usually happen faster now, due to 32-bit support and other Windows 98 advancements. Пояснения к тексту: to replace - замещать to remove - удалять calm - спокойный co-workers - коллеги, сослуживцы shortcut - кратчайший путь built-in - встроенный rarely - редко support - поддержка necessity - необходимость weapon - оружие brand-name - торговая марка buzz - зависать V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
Вариант 7 I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям. 1. The new theatre may be said to be the most beautiful building in the town. 2. There are reported to be rich deposits of coal in this region. 3. He asked for a telegram to be sent to his son. 4. He proved to be a very experienced worker. II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов. 1. These machines will be sent to the plant being constructed in this region. 2. The ship met with rough weather while crossing the Indian Ocean. 3. The answer received from the sellers greatly surprised us.
2. If you gave more attention to your child, he could do better at school. 3. If the book were not so expensive, I wouldn’t give up the idea of buying it.
1. Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways. 2. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hardware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link. 3. All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens and cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents. 4. Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is. Пояснения к тексту: to share - делить variety - разнообразие, спектр recreation развлечение humanities - гуманитарные access - доступ browser - браузер (программа поиска информации)
2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet? 3) What is World Wide Web? 4) What is Web browser? 5) What does a user need to have an access to the WWW? 6) What are hyperlinks? 7) What resources are available on the WWW? 8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW? |