Контрольная работа 1 Для того чтобы правильно выполнить работу 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

2. The ship is being unloaded by the workers.

3. The yearly plan had been fulfilled by this plant by the 15^th of November.

4. The dictionaries may be left on the table.

2. It was the Russian scientist Lodygin who invented the electric lamp.

3. One should be very attentive when taking notes at the lecture.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. They had to complete their work on Monday.

2. When do you usually go to see your friends?

3. You are to say nothing of this to anyone.

4. Whom are these students meeting? – They are meeting foreign students.

2. The man told me not to walk on the grass.

3. He was saving money to travel about the country.

4. This material is sure to help you in your work.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 4, 5

1. Most of the time of a modern man is spent within the walls of some building. Houses are built for dwelling; large buildings are constructed for industrial purposes; theatres, museums, public and scientific institutions are built for cultural activities of the people. The purposes of modern buildings differ widely, but all of them originate from the efforts of primitive men to protect themselves from stormy weather, wild animals and human enemies. Protection was looked for everywhere. In prehistoric times men looked for protection under the branches of trees; some covered themselves with skins of animals to protect themselves from cold and rain, others settled in caves (пещеры).

2. When the Ice Age had passed, Europe remained very cold, at least in winter, and so the people of the Old Stone Age had to find some warm and dry place to shelter from bad weather. They chose caves, dwelling places that storm and cold could not destroy. On the walls of their caves ancient people painted pictures. Such decorated caves are found in Europe, Asia and Africa.

When man began to build a home for himself, caves were imitated in stone structures, trees were taken as a model for huts built of branches, skins were raised on poles and formed tents.

Primitive stone structures, huts and tents are the earliest types of human dwellings, they are lost in the prehistoric past but serve as prototypes for structures of later historic times.

3. In the days of early civilization, once men had learnt how to build simple houses for their families, they began to feel a need to have a number of different kinds of houses in one place. At first the difference was mainly in size - the chief or leader had a larger hut or tent than the rest of the people. Much later, when men began to build towns, there grew up a difference between town houses and country houses. The streets in towns were very narrow and there was not much place for building within the town walls, and therefore houses had to be built higher than they were in the country. A typical town house consisted of a shop opening on the street where the man did his work or sold his goods, with a kitchen behind and a bedroom above.

4. In the country ordinary people lived in simple one-storey cottages which did not differ much from the mud and stone huts of an earlier age.

The rich people in the country, on the other hand, built huge castles with thick walls and narrow windows. These castles were built not only as dwellings, but also to stand up to enemy attack and to be strong bases in time of war. The earliest houses of which anything is known are those of ancient Egypt. They were built of bricks dried in the sun. Some of them were built around a courtyard or garden with rooms opening into it.

5. Greek houses, too, had a courtyard in the middle and round their courtyard ran a covered walk (аллея), its ceiling supported by pillars. There were special women's quarters, usually upstairs on the second storey.

In Rome bricks were used for building and houses were often finished with plaster over bricks on both inside and outside walls. The centre of family life was a garden-courtyard, surrounded by columns and with rooms" opening out into it.

6. The earliest houses in Britain were round, built of wood or wicker basket work (плетение из прутьев) plastered over with clay. In the centre of the house was the hearth (очаг) and light came in through the hole in the roof above it and through the door because there were no windows.
VII. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:
1. How did the light come into early English houses?

2. What are the earliest types of human dwellings?

3. What were the houses in ancient Egypt built of?

4. Why were the houses in town higher than in the country?

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

2. Wonderful discoveries are being made by Russian scientists.

3. The newspapers have just been brought.

4. I was offered a ticket for a concert.

2. The trouble is that they haven’t calculated the exact speed of the car.

3. It was in April that equipment was brought to the laboratory.
III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. We’ll have to go there once more.

2. Does her friend have his English every morning?

3. He was to become a film star.

4. Whom were you at the Ministry with that day?

2. I looked for the book everywhere but could not find it.

3. A new comfortable coach was developed to transport people over long distances.

4. To overcome vibration in the engine, the crankshaft and flywheel are balanced separately.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 4

1. You ask what I think of modern architecture. I don't know very much about modern architecture in Europe, but styles are probably similar in most countries today. I think this is because now architects have no opportunities they had in the past. They are seldom asked to design buildings like wonderful churches and cathedrals of the Middle Ages. Architects today have to design schools, hospitals and huge blocks of flats and offices. If they are asked to make plans for houses, these are usually all alike or nearly alike.

2. Boxes - that's what a good deal of modern architecture reminds me of. The blocks of flats in our big towns are huge boxes, whether the fronts and sides are square or oblong. A man who lives in one of these boxes works in another big box, high up in the air. If he falls ill, he goes to another big box called a hospital.

3. Architects have done some very good work in designing new schools. Many of these are prefabricated, which means that as much of the building work as possible is done not on the building site, but in factories where mass production methods can be used. The parts are taken to a site and put together there. Children who attend the best of these new schools are very happy. Their classrooms are light and big, and they have a fine large assembly hall. The children have dinner at school, and there is a dining-hall completed with modern kitchen.

4. I began this letter by saying that many modern buildings, especially the blocks of flats and business offices, were like big boxes. They do look like boxes from the outside, but when we go inside, we find them very well planned for their purposes. An architect today has to be an engineer too. The best modern buildings help us to live and work in comfort. They save plenty of unnecessary work. There is central heating, for example, instead of the dusty open fires we used to have, with coal to be carried up long stairs and ashes to be carried down.

5. I have given my opinion on what I have seen in England. I know a lot of interesting work has been done in Scandinavia, and, of course, I've read about the work of Le Corbusier in France and I'd like to see what American architects are doing now. You may know the work of the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He designed the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. It was designed to resist earthquakes and it proved so strong that it did. It was one of the few buildings in Tokyo that did not fall in the terrible earthquake of 1923.

2. Where have architects done good work?

3. What helps us to live and work in comfort?

4. For what purpose was the Imperial Hotel designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Tokyo?

Чтобы правильно выполнить работу 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику:

1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

2. Причастия (Participle I, Participle II). Независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот.

3. Условные предложения.

Используйте образцы выполнения упражнений.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

2. The members of the committee were expected to come to an agreement.

3. Tell me what you would like me to do.

4. This book seems to be very popular with children.

2. Saying that he left the room.

3. A person bringing good news is always welcome.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If it didn’t rain now, we would go to the country.

2. If we had booked tickets beforehand, we would not stand in a line now to get them.

3. We could go to the skating-rink, if it were not so cold.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2 и 4.
What is a computer?

1. The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:

• 
  Hardware
  
• 
  Software
  
• 
  People
  
• 
  Procedures
  
• 
  Data/information
  

3. Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.

4. The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a program and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.
characters — символы

data — данные

decision — решение

device — устройство

hardware — оборудование

instruction — команда

intelligence — разум

manner — манера, способ

raw — необработанный, сырой

to come to life — оживать

to convert — превращать, преобразовывать

to evaluate — оценивать

to refer to as — называть что-либо

to refine — очищать

to respond — отвечать

transmission — передача

1. 
   What does the term «computer» describe?
   
2. 
   Is computer intelligent?
   
3. 
   What are five components of computer system?
   
4. 
   What is connectivity?
   
5. 
   What is software? What's the difference between hardware and software?
   
6. 
   Why are people the most important component of a computer system?
   
7. 
   In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?
   
8. 
   How does computer convert data into information?
   

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

2. Many people are expected to attend the meeting.

3. Seeing her enter the room he rose to greet her.

4. She seems to know French well.

2. Knowing nothing of the dangers we continued our way.

3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt himself.
III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If he had driven the car more carefully we would not have met with an accident.

2. But for your help, I wouldn’t have been able to finish the work yesterday.

3. If you lied to me now, I would never believe you in future.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 5
Hardware

1. What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system.

Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

1. 
   input hardware
   
2. 
   processing hardware
   
3. 
   storage hardware
   
4. 
   output hardware. Input hardware
   

3. The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that I used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience.

4. The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities that must take place. The design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount of main memory it can use effectively. With a well-designed CPU in your computer, you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.

5. Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.

RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data;

ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, no modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.

capacity — вместительность

circuitry — эл. цепи

CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор

hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»

input hardware — устройства ввода данных

lap — колени

output hardware — выходные устройства отображения информации

processing hardware — устройства обработки данных

RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)

ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)

CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)

sensitive — чувствительный

sophisticated — сложный

storage hardware — устройства хранения данных

temporarily — временно

temporary — временный

the purpose — цель

tier — ярус

to affect — влиять

to convert — преобразовывать

to direct — управлять

to execute — выполнять

to interpret — переводить

to provide — обеспечивать

to reach — достигать

to retrieve — извлекать

to roll — катать, перекатывать

volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный
V. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?
   
2. 
   What groups of hardware could be defined?
   
3. 
   What is input hardware?
   
4. 
   What are the examples of input hardware?
   
5. 
   What is mouse designed for?
   
6. 
   What is a light pen?
   
7. 
   What is processing hardware?