Energy management services such as the one for energy saving applications are provided to enhance electric power usages in homes, offices and shops in the Customer domain. Figure 18 shows the implementation-oriented functional model for such energy management services. Management Platform (PF) and Agent Platform (PF) are specified between the Customer domain and the Service Provider domain. These two PFs provide key functions for service providers to make the use of multi-vendors’ devices available.
Management PF manages Smart Grid devices and sensor devices in home and provides service interface to monitor and control them. Agent PF has analysis engines and analyzes information from devices getting through GW and Management PF. It also notifies analysis results to service providers when they meet conditions with which services have specified. Detailed definitions for devices shown in Figure 18 are described below:
Figure 18: Functional Model for Energy Management Services
-
Gateway (GW): Gateway relays information between the Smart Grid devices and Management PF.
-
Management Platform (PF): This platform has common functions such as communication network device management and the provision of service interfaces. The communication network function provides reliable, efficient and secured transmission of application/service specific data. The device management function manages the Smart Grid devices in Energy domain. The service interfaces provide the syntax and semantics of application related data to the Agent PF and service providers. The interface also provides virtual device management and data conversions to facilitate service offerings with the information collected from sensors.
-
Agent Platform (PF): This platform has common additional functions such as temporary storages of data and basic analysis of data. The analysis function encapsulates the detailed analysis algorithm into several analysis engine components and provides reusability of analysis engines and analysis. It also provides analysis results of application related data as a metadata.
There are three reference points indicated in Figure 18 and defined as follows;
-
IF-a: Communication interface between Gateway and Management PF;
-
IF-b: Communication interface between Management PF and Agent PF or Service providers; and
-
IF-c: Communication interface between Agent PF and Service providers.
9.5 Architecture of a Communication Infrastructure to Provide Energy Related Services
Figure 19 shows the functional model of a communication infrastructure that enables provision of Value Added Services based upon information exchange related to energy usage, energy consumption and energy tariffs in the HAN. Based on this functional mode, the following services are considered:
-
Customer awareness: This includes visualization of current energy and power data, visualization of historical data, alarm, and other energy information.
-
Appliance regulation: This implies both coordinated and self management appliances regulation, examples of which are home domain overload management, energy cost optimization in case of multi-tariff contract, and Demand Response.
-
Provisioning and Maintenance: This includes to add a new device and to remove a device as well as general maintenance.
Similar to the examples considered in Sections 9.2 and 9.3, the functional model here explains the details of applications discussed in Section 7.2.1 for Smart Metering and Load Control, and in Section 7.2.2 for Energy Distribution and Management.
Figure 19: Functional Model of Communication Infrastructure to support Energy related Services
10 Standards Gap Analysis 10.1 Functions across Reference Points and Applicable Standards
Section 6 Reference Architecture defines five Reference Points for the smart grid domains, and Section 7 examines the functional architectures of two important smart grid applications, smart metering and load control, and energy distribution and management. This section maps the functions to the Reference Points and related them to the operations to be performed and information to be carried across the Reference Points. The results are shown in column 2 of Table 2. Column 3 identifies standards gaps and shows the activities of the SGIP Priority Action Plans in filling the gaps, while column 4 lists some of relevant standards.
Table 3 contains further analysis of communication technologies applicable to Smart Grid.
Table 2: Analysis of Reference Point Functions
Reference Point
|
Information/Operations Across the Reference Point
|
Gaps being Addressed by SGIP Priority Action Plans and Related Standards
|
Partial List of Relevant Standards in Addition to those in PAP Column
|
Reference Point 1
(Grid domain through Network to Service Provider domain)
|
This reference point provides connectivity between the power grid domain and service provider, customer, and smart meter domains through communication networks. It supports the functions to efficiently and intelligently distribute energy and integrate distributed renewable energy generation and distribution. It interacts with application and energy control functions through networks, and interacts with end-users for energy transmission.
| -
Distributed Energy Resources (DER): DER inventory, DER status information, DER management and control messages (DER activation, deactivation, scheduling, voltage, frequency, power level, etc)
|
PAP07: Energy Storage Interconnection Guidelines: Standards and implementation guidelines for energy storage devices (ES), power electronics interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), hybrid generation-storage systems (ES-DER), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) used as storage. IEC 61850-90-7 Advanced Inverter Functions, IEC 61850-7-420 DER Object Modeling, IEEE 1547.x Interconnection standards.
PAP 09: Standard Demand Response Signals: Common syntax and semantics for DR signals, including price, grid integrity signals, and possibly environmental signals. OASIS Energy Interoperation Version 1.0.
|
HD 60634: Electrical installation allowing DER installation
IEC 61850-7-420: Access DER generation devices and controllers
IEC 61850-7-410: Access Hydro generation devices and controllers
EN 61400-25: Access Wind Generation devices and controllers
IEC 61968 - 61970-10:
Interface to the Energy market: Standard to allow all connected generators associated in VPPs to participate to new ways of operating grid
| -
Protection and Control, Load Monitoring and Control: Device, subsystem status, command messages for protection and control commands
-
Sensing and Measurement, Load Monitoring: Real-time information from sensors and measurement devices (e.g. RTU, IED, and PMU).
|
PAP 08: CIM for Distribution Grid Management: Define object models for substation automation, integration of distributed energy resources, equipment condition monitoring, and geospatial location, enabling the integration of data and information from equipment in the distribution grid with information used for enterprise back-office systems. IEC 61850.
PAP12: DNP3 Mapping to IEC 61850 Objects: Mapping of DNP3 data types and services to IEC 61850 Standard to enable transport of Smart Grid data and services over legacy DNP3 networks for substations. IEEE1815 (DNP3), IEC 61850.
PAP 14: Transmission and Distribution Power Systems Model Mapping: Integration of standards across different utility environments to support real-time grid operations (relay, circuit breaker, IED, transformer operations) and back-office applications. IEEE C37.239, IEC 61850, IEC 61970
|
EN 61968-11: Distribution Information Exchange Model
EN 61968-13:2008: CIM RDF Model Exchange Format for Distribution
IECTS 62351-2: Data and communications security
IEC 61970-301 / 61698: Common Information Model
IEEE 1686-2007: Functions and features to be provided in substation intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to accommodate critical infrastructure protection programs
| -
Sensing and Measurement, Load Monitoring: Real-time information from sensors and measurement devices (e.g. RTU, IED, and PMU).
|
PAP 08: CIM for Distribution Grid Management: Define object models for substation automation, integration of distributed energy resources, equipment condition monitoring, and geospatial location, enabling the integration of data and information from equipment in the distribution grid with information used for enterprise back-office systems. IEC 61850.
PAP12: DNP3 Mapping to IEC 61850 Objects: Mapping of DNP3 data types and services to IEC 61850 Standard to enable transport of Smart Grid data and services over legacy DNP3 networks for substations. IEEE1815, IEC 61850.
PAP 14: Transmission and Distribution Power Systems Model Mapping: Integration of standards across different utility environments to support real-time grid operations (relay, circuit breaker, IED, transformer operations) and back-office applications. IEEE C37.239, IEC 61850, IEC 61970.
|
| -
Time Synchronization: High-resolution clock information
|
PAP 13: Harmonization of IEEE C37.118 with IEC 61850 and Precision Time Synchronization: Define a common syntax and semantics for time data in synchrophasor measurements used to monitor conditions in the transmission grid. IEC TR 61850-90-5, IEEEC37.238 Profile for Use of IEEE 3 Std. 1588 Precision Time Protocol in Power System Applications.
|
| -
Integration of Renewable Energy and Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Capability and status information, management information, command and control message.
|
PAP07: Energy Storage Interconnection Guidelines: Standards and implementation guidelines for energy storage devices (ES), power electronics interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), hybrid generation-storage systems (ES-DER), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) used as storage. IEC 61850-90-7 Advanced Inverter Functions, IEC 61850-7-420 DER Object Modeling, IEEE 1547.x Interconnection standards.
PAP11: Common Object Models for Electric Transportation: Standards to enable the charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). SAE Communication Standards - Vehicle to grid communication interface, J2836 (use case), J2847 (requirements), and J2931 (protocols), PEV charge couplers SAE J1772.
PAP 16: Wind Plant Communications: Standards for command and control of wind power plants and site monitoring. IEC 61400-25-2 Wind turbines, IEC 61850.
|
HD 60634
IEC 61400-25-2
|
Reference Point 2
(Smart
Metering domain through network to Service Provider domain)
|
This reference point provides connectivity between Smart metering domain and Communication Network domain. It enables the bi-directional information exchange and interactions between smart metering and service providers, customer, and grid domains. It supports functions of billing, load shedding, meter management, and others.
| -
Meter Reading: Meter reading commands, meter readings.
|
PAP 05: Standard Meter Data Profiles: Profile for data to be reported by meters- ANSI C12, and AEIC Guideline.
PAP06: Translate ANSI C12.19 to and from a Common Semantic Model: Harmonization of ANSI C12.19 End Device (meter) data model with IEC 61968-9 and other models.
PAP 09: Standard Demand Response Signals: Common syntax and semantics for DR signals, including price, grid integrity signals, and possibly environmental signals. OASIS Energy Interoperation Version 1.0.
PAP 10: Standards for Energy Usage Information: Data standards for energy usage information. NAESB Business Practices and Information Models REQ 18 (retail), WEQ 19 (wholesale), Green Button Initiative, harmonizing IEC61970/61968, IEC61850, ANSI C12.19/22, ASHRAE SPC201.
|
NAESB REQ-21: Energy Services Provider Interface
IEC 61400-2
| -
Management of meters: meter management information, meter firmware update.
|
PAP 00 Meter Upgradability Standard: A requirements for meter upgradeability in order to manage meter firmware changes to remotely upgraded meters.
|
IEC 61850: Substation Automation Systems and DER
| -
Other functions related to customer energy management, see Reference Point 5
|
|
|
Reference Point 3 (Customer domain through network to Service Provider domain)
|
This reference provides connectivity between Customer domain and Communication Network domain. It enables bi-directional information exchange coordination, and interactions with Service Provider and Grid domains to support energy management, load shedding and storage, billing, demand response, and others. This interface may be in two classes, connection to Internet through public ISPs, and connection to secure smart grid network through ESI and NAN.
|
3a-Home to public ISP
|
Access to information and initiation of services through open Internet, such as web portal.
|
| -
Customer registration information to participate in DR application
-
Pricing and energy usage information for web page access.
|
Same as Reference Point 4
|
| -
Customer EMS: Customers access pricing and meter reading thru web access, Users control appliances directly or through EMS
|
Same as Reference Point 5
|
|
3b-Home to smart grid NAN
|
Access to secure smart grid network through ESI
Functions same as Reference Point 5
|
Reference Point 4 (Service Provider domain through network to Service Provider domain)
|
This reference point provides connectivity between Service Provider domain and Communication Network domain. It enables communications between services and applications in the Service Provider domain to actors in others domains to support control operations, data aggregation, customer management, and all other related services.
| -
Smart Metering Head-end: It provides the necessary smart metering functions for initiation of meter readings, and then performs further processing of collected data.
|
PAP 00 Meter Upgradability Standard: A requirements for meter upgradeability in order to manage meter firmware changes to remotely upgraded meters.
PAP 05: Standard Meter Data Profiles: Profile for data to be reported by meters- ANSI C12, and AEIC Guideline.
|
IEC 61850: Substation Automation Systems and DER
IEC 61968-9: Interface for meter reading and control
IEC 62056: Electricity metering – Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control
EN 13757: Communication systems for meters and remote reading of meters
| -
Customer registration information to participate in DR application
-
Pricing and energy usage information – detailed or aggregated, on web or through ESI
|
PAP 04: Develop Common Scheduling Communication for Energy Transactions: OAIS WS-Calendar, Version 1.0 for schedule and event information to be passed between and within services
|
| -
Energy Usage Management: It controls the demand response of electricity
|
PAP 10: Standards for Energy Usage Information: Data standards for energy usage information. NAESB Business Practices and Information Models REQ 18 (retail), WEQ 19 (wholesale), Green Button Initiative, harmonizing IEC61970/61968, IEC61850, ANSI C12.19/22, ASHRAE SPC201
|
NAESB REQ-21: Energy Services Provider Interface
IEC 61970-2: Energy management system application program interface
EN 13757
| -
Energy Pricing: It determines the energy price based on energy market operation, power utility’s policy, customer’s demand, and others.
|
PAP 03 Develop Common Specification for Price and Product Definition: OASIS Energy Market Information eXchange (EMIX) version 1.0, a common specification for price and product definition, to be used in demand response applications, market transactions, distributed energy resource integration, meter communications, and many other inter-domain communications
PAP 04: Develop Common Scheduling Communication for Energy Transactions: OAIS WS-Calendar, Version 1.0 for schedule and event information to be passed between and within services
|
IEC 61970-302: Financial, Energy scheduling and reservations
| -
Operations Control: It is responsible for monitoring the day-to-day operation of the grid
|
PAP 08: CIM for Distribution Grid Management: Define object models for substation automation, integration of distributed energy resources, equipment condition monitoring, and geospatial location, enabling the integration of data and information from equipment in the distribution grid with information used for enterprise back-office systems. IEC 61850
PAP12: DNP3 Mapping to IEC 61850 Objects: Mapping of DNP3 data types and services to IEC 61850 Standard to enable transport of Smart Grid data and services over legacy DNP3 networks for substations. IEEE1815 (DNP3), IEC 61850.
PAP 14: Transmission and Distribution Power Systems Model Mapping: Integration of standards across different utility environments to support real-time grid operations (relay, circuit breaker, IED, transformer operations) and back-office applications. IEEE C37.239, IEC 61850, IEC 61970.
PAP17: Facility Smart Grid Information Standard: Data standard to enable energy consuming devices and control systems in the customer premises to manage electrical loads and generation sources in response to communication with the Smart Grid. Working on going at ASHRAE SPC 201P.
|
IEC 61968
| -
Distributed Energy Resources (DER): DER inventory, DER status information, DER management and control messages (DER activation, deactivation, scheduling, voltage, frequency, power level, etc)
|
PAP07: Energy Storage Interconnection Guidelines: Standards and implementation guidelines for energy storage devices (ES), power electronics interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), hybrid generation-storage systems (ES-DER), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) used as storage. IEC 61850-90-7 Advanced Inverter Functions, IEC 61850-7-420 DER Object Modeling, IEEE 1547.x Interconnection standards.
PAP 08: CIM for Distribution Grid Management: Define object models for substation automation, integration of distributed energy resources, equipment condition monitoring, and geospatial location, enabling the integration of data and information from equipment in the distribution grid with information used for enterprise back-office systems. IEC 61850.
|
HD 60634
IEC 61850-7-420
IEC 61968
|
Reference Point 5
(Customer Domain to Smart Metering)
|
This reference provides connectivity and interactions between Smart Metering and Customer domain. It enables interactions and information exchange between smart meters and customer appliances and equipment to support meter management, billing, and others.
| -
Energy Usage Management: Energy usage information, energy pricing,
See also DR functions
|
PAP 04: Develop Common Scheduling Communication for Energy Transactions. This action plan will develop a standard for how schedule and event information is passed between and within services.
PAP 10: Standards for Energy Usage Information: Data standards for energy usage information. NAESB Business Practices and Information Models REQ 18 (retail), WEQ 19 (wholesale), Green Button Initiative, harmonizing IEC61970/61968, IEC61850, ANSI C12.19/22, ASHRAE SPC201.
|
OASIS WS-Calendar: Web Services Calendar
NAESB REQ-21: Energy Services Provider Interface
IEC 62351-3Security Using Transport Layer Security (TLS)
IEC 62325: Market Communications using CIM
OASIS Energy Market Information Exchange 1.0
| -
Customer registration information to participate in DR application
-
Pricing and energy usage information for web page access.
-
Customer EMS: pricing information, meter readings, device control commands
|
PAP 03 Develop Common Specification for Price and Product Definition: OASIS Energy Market Information eXchange (EMIX) version 1.0, a common specification for price and product definition, to be used in demand response applications, market transactions, distributed energy resource integration, meter communications, and many other inter-domain communications
PAP 09: Standard Demand Response Signals: Common syntax and semantics for DR signals, including price, grid integrity signals, and possibly environmental signals. OASIS Energy Interoperation Version 1.0.
PAP 10: Standards for Energy Usage Information: Data standards for energy usage information. NAESB Business Practices and Information Models REQ 18 (retail), WEQ 19 (wholesale), Green Button Initiative, harmonizing IEC61970/61968, IEC61850, ANSI C12.19/22, ASHRAE SPC201.
|
ISO 16484: Building automation and control systems
ISO 13584: Industrial automation systems and integration
EN 15232: Energy performance of buildings — Impact of Building Automation, Controls and Building Management
| -
Energy Services Interface (ESI)/ HAN gateway: Home appliance registration information for entry to HAN, security information and management of ESI from DR head-end
-
HAN and NAN Networks: Smart meters form a metering network to ensure reliable communication to the meter head-end through this Reference point, and interact with the billing in the service provider domain.
|
|
| -
Distributed Energy Resources (DER): DER inventory, DER status information, DER management and control information
-
Local Generation and Storage: monitoring and control information exchange for distributed generation and DER at the Customer domain.
|
PAP 08: CIM for Distribution Grid Management: Define object models for substation automation, integration of distributed energy resources, equipment condition monitoring, and geospatial location, enabling the integration of data and information from equipment in the distribution grid with information used for enterprise back-office systems. IEC 61850.
PAP07: Energy Storage Interconnection Guidelines: Standards and implementation guidelines for energy storage devices (ES), power electronics interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER), hybrid generation-storage systems (ES-DER), and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) used as storage. IEC 61850-90-7 Advanced Inverter Functions, IEC 61850-7-420 DER Object Modeling, IEEE 1547.x Interconnection standards.
|
HD 60634
IEEE 1379-2000: substation automation
| -
PEV Charging: This interacts with the Energy Control Function and Customer Bill Function to manage the capacity of power and billing information.
|
PAP11: Common Object Models for Electric Transportation: Standards to enable the charging of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). SAE Communication Standards - Vehicle to grid communication interface, J2836 (use case), J2847 (requirements), and J2931 (protocols), PEV charge couplers SAE J1772.
|
HD 60634
IEC 61850
|
Networking & Communication Functions across all reference points
| -
Transport functions to provide end-to-end transport of data and control messages for smart grid applications.
-
Communications technologies to provide interconnections between devices for smart grid applications and network nodes.
-
Home Area Network (HAN): to interconnects all appliances and equipment, EMS, PEV charging stations, generation and storage facilities, and metes.
-
Neighbourhood Area Network (NAN): Metering networks
-
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
|
PAP01: Guidelines for the Use of IP Protocol Suite in the Smart Grid: RFC 6272 Internet Protocols for the Smart Grid identifies the core set of IETF protocols for establishing Internet based Smart Grid networks
PAP 02 Guidelines for the Use of Wireless Communications: NISTIR 7762 Guidelines for Assessing Wireless Standards for Smart Grid Applications provides tools and information for evaluating wireless communications technologies for use by Smart Grid applications.
PAP 15: Harmonize Power Line Carrier Standards: Harmonize broadband and narrowband PLC standards and their coexistence mechanisms. IEEE P1901, P1901.2, ITU-T G.9960, G.9961, G.9972, G.hnem.
PAP18: SEP 1.x to SEP 2 Transition and Coexistence: The coexistence of SEP 1.x and 2.0 and the migration of 1.x implementations to 2.0.
|
See Table 3
|
Table 3: Standardization Activities for Smart Grid Networks
Communications technologies
|
Standardization activities
|
Status
|
Note (related works)
|
IMT
|
ITU-R IMT-2000 family
|
Already studied
|
NIST SGIP PAP02
|
ITU-R IMT-Advanced family
|
ITU-T SG13
|
3GPP
|
Wireless Local Area Networks
|
IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LANs)
|
Already studied
|
|
IEEE 802.11s (Mesh Wireless LAN)
|
Wireless Personal Area Networks
|
ITU-T SG15 Q4
|
Study in progress
|
G.9959 (G.wnb)
|
IEEE 802.15.4
|
Already studied (may need additional work)
|
Bluetooth SIG, Zigbee Alliance, etc.
|
IEEE802.15.4g (Smart Utility Networks)
|
Study in progress
|
|
IEEE802.15.5 (Mesh networking)
|
For further study
|
Best of Practice
|
IETF 6LoWPAN WG
|
Already studied
|
RFC 4919 (Informational), RFC 6282 (Proposed Standard)
|
IETF ROLL WG
|
Study in progress
|
Routing requirement has been done. Routing protocol (RPL) is under study. AMI Applicable statement proposed.
|
WiMax
|
IEEE 802.16 (Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks)
|
Already studied (may need additional work)
|
|
IEEE802.16j [MMR (Mobile Multi-hop Relay)]
|
Study in progress
|
|
Short distance wireless communication
|
IrDA
|
Already studied (may need additional work)
|
Infrared Data Association
|
Ethernet
|
IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
|
Already studied
|
|
Power Line Communication (PLC)
|
ITU-T SG15
G.9960/9961 (G.hn), G.9963 (G.hn-MIMO), G.9972 (G.cx), G.9955/9956 (G.hnem)
|
Already studied
|
|
IEEE 1901
|
Already studied
|
IEEE1901.2
|
ISO/IEC
|
Study in progress
|
ISO/IEC15118 (V2G CI)
|
Technology over coaxial cable
|
ITU-T SG15
G.9954 (HomePNA), G.9960/9961 (G.hn)
|
Already studied
|
|
DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications),
|
Already studied
|
|
Technologies over twisted pairs, access network
|
ITU-T SG15
G.992 series, G.993 series (xDSL), etc.
|
Already studied (may need additional work)
|
G.fast (FTTdp)
|
ITU-T SG9 Q9 (HNW)
|
Study in progress
|
|
Technologies over fibre cable
|
ITU-T SG15
G.983 series (B-PON), G.984 series (G-PON), G.987 series (XG-PON), G.985/G.986 (point-to-point Ethernet based optical access system),
|
Study in progress
|
NG-PON2
|
IEEE 802.3ah (1G-EPON),
IEEE 802.3av (10G-EPON),
|
Study in progress
|
|
Home Area Network Architecture
|
ITU-T SG15 Q1 (HNW architecture)
G.9970, G.9971, G.9973
|
Already studied (may need additional work)
|
|
ITU-T SG13 Q12
|
Study in progress
|
Y.energy-hn
|
Neighborhood Area Network Architecture
|
ITU-T SG15 Q4
|
Study in progress
|
|
Wide Area Network Architecture
|
IETF (IP-based network)
RFC (RFC6272)
|
Already studied
|
|
ITU-T SG15 Q12 (Transport network architecture) G.803,G.872
|
Already studied
|
|
ITU-T SG13 (Next Generation Network)
|
Already studied (may need additional work)
|
|
From these two tables, several gaps are identified below.
-
Many data models and communication protocols applicable to Smart Grid are already studied or study in progress in most areas. Harmonization of existing standards may be necessary.
-
There were no formal standards on requirements for the smart grid networks, HAN, NAN, and WAN.
-
Network architectures of HAN and WAN are well studied in correspondent SDOs, however, additional work for Smart Grid are necessary. In addition, no activities have been identified in the NAN area.
-
Even though there are many communication standards that are applicable to smart grid applications, there is a need to develop integration specifications on how to utilize these standards into a system that best satisfies the requirements of Smart Grid.
|