How altitude and latitude affect configuration of biomes in Southern Arizona and Central Oregon
|
|  Yüklə 403 Kb.
|
Presence of organisms on five decomposing basic food types. Exchange Park 900 N. 700 W. Provo, UT 84601Nadine J. Lugo, 1964N 40W #84, Provo , Utah 84604 Email: nadejla@hotmail.com Abstract
I purposely placed different food to see what kinds of organic matter would attract certain types of scavenger insects. Since moisture influences the presence of insects, I placed the food on the banks of the stream crossing Exchange Park in order to increase the chances of insect presence. The foods that were used for this experiment were potatoes, cheese, bread, ground beef, tomatoes, and bananas. I observed and recorded if there were any insects present such as flies, ants, beetles or any other insect prior to placing the food on the ground, but there were no insects present. When I returned after three days to record any changes I found unexpected results. Some foods were untouched and for the most part unchanged except for an increase in fluids in the bananas and tomatoes and a change in their consistency. Even with these changes and with the excretion of fluids that would typically attract scavenging insects there were none to be found. The cheese, bread, and ground beef were completely gone and this was most likely a result of other animals scavenging for food. The bread might have been taken by ducks since there were some present on the stream on the day the food was placed there and on the day I returned. Keywords
Population Sampling, Scavengers, Insects, Decomposition, Organic Waste The Food Preferences of Several Insects in the Woods: The Woodlands, Texas, U.S.A. Brian H. Mann, 163 F. Smith Provo, Utah, 84604. Email: brianhmann@yahoo.com Abstract The reasons that insects choose certain foods to eat is complex. It may be based on nutrition or it could be based on taste. While I would like to use my experiment to solve this question, the main purpose of my experiment was to determine which types of food insects prefer and to see the differences, if any, in the types of food that various insects choose. In my research I discovered that insects can taste foods, so this means that their decisions could be based on taste. If they were unable to taste, than they would probably only eat for nutritional reasons. In order to discover their food preferences, I set up different mats of fly paper and each mat had a different food on it. There were five different foods being tested along with a control with no food on it. The mats were left out for 24 hours and then the insects on each mat were identified and counted. My results showed that each type of mat was the best at catching at least one type of insect, but turkey caught the most insects overall. In total ten different species of insects were caught by the fly paper. Each different type of trap caught six different species of insects, except for the potato and apple which only caught four and five respectively. Based on my results I believe that each species of insect has different preferences in food, but I cannot solve the question of why insects choose these foods. Because the same species of insect was caught on more than one of the different types of food mats, I believe that either one food type does not provide enough nutrition alone or even insects in the same species have different preferences in food. Keywords: insects, taste, nutrition, preferences
Lynn Markham, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, 788 North 700 East # 12, Provo, Utah 84606. Email: lynnardskynard@hotmail.com Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if the time of the day or temperature has any affect on the level of activity of various ant species in the Formicidae family. Two hypotheses discussing whether ants can be nocturnal in nature as well as diurnal or only diurnal were tested. The amount of ants traveling in four different time periods throughout the day were tested. These amounts of ants were tested at three different nature locations in Provo and were compared to the amounts of ants at the other locations and times. Ants were counted to see how the time and temperature affected the activity of ants in these six different locations and three different times. Keywords: nocturnal, ant behavior, diurnal, various species, Formicidae
David S. Marsh, Provo 84604, Email: anythoughtsdave@yahoo.com Abstract: Research has shown that there is a correlation of temperature and the population of insects. Further experiments will allow entomologists to progress their knowledge concerning the decrease in population of insects as the temperature decreases. To conduct this experiment, observations and insect counts were taken over a certain period of time and compared to the dropping of the temperature as winter approaches. The research supported the fact that there is a strong correlation and was able to further pinpoint the general temperature in which the density of insects quickly decreases. My observations also demonstrated that certain insects have a greater cold-temperature resistance than others, which will be further discussed. Keywords: Temperature, Resistance, Density
Brock Mason, 27 Broadbent Hall Provo, Utah 84604 Email: Boardska53@aol.com Abstract Cottonwood trees are found throughout eastern, central, and southwestern parts of the United States. Growing up to 30 meters in height, and living for almost 100 years, the Cottonwood is one of the most established hardwood trees in North America. These trees appear only to establish themselves near streams, rivers, and other sources of adequate water flow. Data was collected from Cottonwood Canyon in Murray, Utah through observation of tree abundance, distance from the stream, elevation from the water, size in relation to neighboring trees, and branch moisture content. Also, extensive research was conducted to view the roots of the Cottonwoods and their location relative to the stream. The Cottonwood exists intimately close to the stream (most of the trees located were within 10 feet of the bank) and have higher moisture content than the surrounding trees. Cottonwoods certainly have a high level of dependency upon water flow, but why? Research has shown that the water flows provide adequate nutrients, water for growth, inhibits the growth of derogatory vegetation, and aids in reproductive processes. But pines may grow abundantly away from streams, why not Cottonwoods? The relative height, diameter, and fruition of this tree suggest that the tree has been genetically predisposed to water dependence. Overtime the Cottonwood has evolved to rely upon water flow for its survival, and hence one sees the abundance of the tree near water. Keywords: Cottonwood; Populus angustifolia; Water; Size; Diameter; Height; Survival; Reproduction; Evolution; Incentives. Effect of water temperature on the amount of color in different types of algae in Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Helena Mavromatis, 199 Gates Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: lena_mavro@yahoo.com Abstract: This study investigates the effect of water temperature on the color of freshwater algae. Experiments were conducted in Utah Lake for three weeks at three different sites around the lake. The algae that were identified included the bacillariophyta, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, and rhodophtya. Results were inconclusive however as there was no direct effect on the water temperature and the color of algae. Through research it has been determined that the algae already contain certain pigmentations that give its color. More research should be done on the subject to get a more detailed analysis on how certain algae receive different pigmentations. Key words: water temperature, algae, color, bacillariophyta, chlorophyta, cyanobacteria, rhodophtya Spider Webs are Built in Various Locations Jennifer R. McArthur, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. #110, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: mcarthurj@earthlink.net Abstract As web-spinning spiders, Araneidae, are discussed in this paper it will be shown that there is a reason for the location of the webs. There are several variables that affect where a web is built and some of those factors will be considered as well. Experiments will be done up in Rock Canyon studying the web location and the webs found in these specific locations, with photographic documentation. Various spider webs will be identified with the type of Arachnid spinning the web with the location that it is on. It will be noted where the webs are found and the different elements that can affect where and why it is built in a certain location. The findings will be discussed and analyzed to show that there are several elements such as light, prey abundance, time of year, and weather that affect the location of the webs. Keywords: Araneidae, spider webs, location, Arachnid, Utah The variance in the rate of leaf coloration of Quercus alba in the Utah Valley Adam F. McBride, BIO 100 Brigham Young University, 735 N. 400 E. #21 Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: adamfmcbride@gmail.com Abstract
The changes in the coloration of fall leaves may be attributed to one or many of a myriad of natural or evolutionary factors. The individual rates of this change within a species may vary. Regular observations of a designated species could shed some light on the differences of the actual rates of change. Multiple specimen of Quercus alba in differing locations within the same area display this change over the observation period of 6 weeks during the months of October and November. Although differences occur, they seem to follow similar rates of change in their coloration. The percentage of fallen leaves is also taken into consideration. The differences may be due to the actual placement of the trees in their immediate environment, their age, or a number of other causes. Keywords: Leaves, color, coloration, Quercus alba, oak, rate of change Color Preference of Bees (Arthropoda: Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in Payson, UT, U.S.A. Elissa M. McCullough, 865 North 160 West Apt. 70, Provo UT 84604 email: elissa.m.mccullough@comcast.net
Abstract Visual cues are vital aspect to animal’s survival and success in the animal world. “Animals use vision to perform such diverse behaviors as finding food, interacting socially with other animals, choosing a mate, and avoiding predators. These behaviors are complex and the visual system must process color, motion, and pattern cues efficiently so that animals can respond to relevant stimuli” (Paulk, 2008). Members of the Apoidea family (bees) rely on the nectar and pollen that flowers produce as a source of food and nutrients. These insects are attracted to certain flowers more than other. This attraction is due to the visual cues or coloration of the flowers. Experiments will take place in Payson, Utah; testing the relationship between the color of the flower and the interaction with bees that it receives. Leaf Color Change of Fremont Cottonwoods (Populus fremontii) Provo Canyon at Changing Altitudes and Varying Amounts of Rainfall From Provo to Heber City, Utah, U.S.A. Darnelle McNees, 619 North 700 East Apt 6, Provo, Utah 84606 Email:mcneesd@gmail.com Abstract The purpose of this study was to test the effect of altitude and temperature on the amount of color change and leaf fall of the Fremont Cottonwood (Populus fremontii) tree in autumn. Samples and data were collected on three different dates, with 4 weeks in between each date, to see the rate at which the leaves change colors. The percentage of green leaves and the percentage of leaves that have began to change color and leaves that have changed color were documented on each of these 3 dates. Weather and water information were also documented to see if they had a significant affect. This information was collected around mountainous areas of Provo, UT and Heber, UT. The data indicates that, in fact the weather conditions did have a significant affect on the amount and rate of color change. Keywords: Populus fremontii, Fremont Cottonwood, autumn, leaves, rainfall, altitude, temperature. No More Algae in Scuba Experiences Jordan Miles, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. I do not wish to give out my private address. Email: boommer186@hotmail.com Abstract
A. MeKell Miles, 665 West 1260 North, Pleasant Grove, Utah 84062 Email: mekellm10@gmail.com Version: Fall 2008. Nature experience fall 2008.doc
Leaves change colors during the fall because during the fall the days become colder and shorter. Because of this, the leaves don’t get the nutrients and energy from the sun that it needs to continue growing and for creating nutrients to provide for the tree. The leaves also turn from a green to a yellow color because the chlorophyll breaks down and the green pigment is no longer seen (Heuerman 2004). The leaves then fall and start decomposing which makes it turn brown and they then seep into the soil and the nutrients is absorbed through the roots to nourish the tree once again (Swensson 2008). I realized how this was occurring and wanted to learn the steps the leaves take during this ongoing process of dying and recreating themselves. I also wanted to find out if the leaves would change faster in a higher altitude. So by researching and experimenting with leaves in different altitudes I soon found out the process of the leaf. Keywords: colder, nutrients, energy, sun, decomposing, chlorophyll, absorbed, roots, altitudes. Diversity of waterfowl species in the lacustrine fringe wetlands surrounding Utah Lake: Provo, Utah, U.S.A. Justin M. Miller, 21 Broadbent Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: jman1218@cableone.net Abstract Lacustrine fringe wetlands (also called wet lake margins) are the wetlands along the edges of lakes or reservoirs. They are home to hydric soils, hydrophytic plants, bacteria, and animals. When the water level is high, the fringe is flooded, but when the water level is low, the fringe has no surface water. Experiments were conducted near Utah Lake wetlands, observing a plot of lacustrine fringe for waterfowl activity. The plot was five square meters and was located along the west shore of Utah Lake near Utah Lake State Park. This area, along with the water immediately surrounding it, and the air above it were observed on three different days. Each observational period, of 30 minutes each, took place at the same time (4:00 PM) with the same weather conditions (approximately 55°F). Six species of birds were identified during the three observational periods. The number of birds present, and where they were seen was recorded and displayed in tables (see Figures 3-5). I hypothesized that mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) would be the most abundant waterfowl observed, and that hypothesis was proven. It was also analyzed why mallards congregate in flocks in the shallow waters of lacustrine fringes. Keywords: lacustrine fringe, wetlands, waterfowl
Andrew R. Moore, 746 North 1250 East, Provo, UT 84604. Email: trentman18@yahoo.com Abstract I made an attempt to determine the reason why Gerris marginatus are able to stay afloat whilst other insects cannot. I captured three specimens from the same environment and tested them in a controlled environment on other liquids like vegetable oil, alcohol, and liquid soap. Since I had three specimens and three liquids, I decided to test each one on each liquid once to account for any variation in results. As hypothesized, all specimens were able to stay afloat on each one of the test liquids meaning that the density of water is not what keeps them afloat as the other liquids had different densities. However, it was notable that it was much easier for the specimens to move about freely on water than liquid soap or vegetable oil. Alcohol and water were similar because alcohol has a density more similar to water than vegetable oil or liquid soap. After further observation and research, I have come to the conclusion that what keeps these insects afloat is their leg structure which is covered in tiny hairs which utilize the waters tension to stay afloat. By this same theory, they can stay afloat on other denser liquids, but it restricts their movement because the hairs stick in the liquid. Key Words: Water Strider, Tension, Surface
Larry J. Moore, 280 E 500 N #12B, Provo, UT 84606, email: larryjmoore@gmail.com Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare the germination rates of domestic seeds with wild weed seeds. The hypothesis tested was that domestic seeds should exhibit a higher germination rate due to the advantages of selective breeding. Three varieties of domestic seeds and three varieties of weed seeds were collected and the germination rates were tested. The results showed that on average, a slightly higher percentage of domestic seeds germinated than weed seeds. Before testing, half of the seed base of all varieties collected underwent an artificial winter simulation to test for possible discrepancies in the results due to dormancy. Dormancy is also discussed. Keywords: Small Red Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), Soft White Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum L), Wild Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Kochia (Kochia scoparia).
Three kinds of energy bars, each with differing ratios of carbohydrates to protein, were set out near ant colonies, and ant activity was observed over 1½ hours to determine which bars the ants were most attracted to. Specimens were then collected and identified to determine which species of ant were foraging. Possible reasons for their behavior were proposed. A specific energy bar was then identified as ideal to avoid an infestation when out on the trail. Keywords: energy bar; backpacking; Tetramorium caespitum; Solenopsis invicta. Survival and Natural Nutrients Michael Chad Murdock, 972N 900E, Provo, UT, 84606 Email: byucougar11@hotmail.com
The purpose for this study is to examine the natural resources located in the Provo area that could provide the nutrients necessary for survival. Our society depends almost entirely on commercial produce for food. After studying the local plant and animal life I will spend 2 hours searching Rock Canyon for food such as berries, insects, wild animals and other plants to determine the likelihood of surviving off of wild life. Keywords: survival, outdoorsman, wild life, nutrients, abundance, edible plants, trees, berries, insects Effects of elevation on cone growth in Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) Shaun M. Murdock, 1505 N Canyon Road Apt. 98, Provo, Utah 84604; Email: smurdok@gmail.com
The intent of this observational study is to consider the effect of elevation differential on the size of the female cone of the Colorado Blue Spruce. Elevation is nearly always a factor when characterizing living organisms. It affects their range of habitat, growth distributions, growth rate, reproduction and many other elements of life. I gathered observations from available cones being sampled from 3 distinct elevations, spaced by approximately 1000 feet each, up the mountain from Utah Valley. Multiple samples from different trees at each elevation helped to allow for good sampling and diversity. The results came from statistical analyses and inference in comparison to reported typical special measurements. The results proved to not be significant, or in other words, I found no statistical difference between measured cone length from one elevation to another. Key Words: Picea pungens, Colorado Blue Spruce, elevation, cone size
Annaka Nay, Undergraduate, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: bean@nayweb.com Abstract The purpose of this study was to ascertain if trees have different temperature tolerances which would result in them losing their leaves at different times. Studying five different types of broadleaf trees in Provo Canyon near Bridal Veil Falls, I to observed them to see if a certain species’ leaves endured longer than another. Temperature and amount of sunlight were my primary variables, monitoring the general leaf color and amount of leaves left. However, I observed other possible factors, such as location and surroundings. Each of the trees lost their leaves at different times and in different amounts, some quicker than others because of a difference in ability to maintain life on a limited amount of sun and water for photosynthesis. The Fagus grandifolia, or American Beech, lasted the longest. Keywords: trees; Fagus grandifolia; leaves; temperature tolerance; autumn
Katie Neff, 1219 Taylor Hall, Provo Utah 84604 Email: katie_n2004@hotmail.com Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relation of elevation and temperature with the rate of color change of the Populus tremuloides (hereon referred to as the Quaking Aspen) foliage. A hypothesis of the relation between elevation and temperature with the rate of foliage color change was selected. On a daily basis, the temperature and color change of the leaves on the Quaking Aspen were observed at two different locations; Salt Lake City, Utah with an altitude of 4,500 feet, and the base of the Uintah Mountains at an altitude of 6,500 feet. Analysis of data and observations seen during the Quaking Aspen foliage change in the experiment will be discussed. Keywords: elevation, temperature, relation, color change, foliage, Quaking Aspen
|