Hmong Legal Glossary
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F FACT FINDER = TUS NHRIAV QHOV TSEEB – In a trial of a lawsuit or criminal prosecution, the jury or judge, if there is no jury, who decides if facts have been proven. – Nyob rau cov plaubntug sibfoob lossis cov plaubntug raug kaw, tus “fact finder” yog cov pejxeem txiav txim lossis yog tus kws txiav txim, yog tias tsis muaj cov pejxeem txiav txim, uas yog cov yuav los txiav txim seb cov lus muaj tseeb puas tau nhriav pom tiag. FAILURE TO APPEAR = TSIS TUAJ TSHWM – The act of not appearing in court after being presented with a subpoena or summons. -Txoj kev uas tsis tuaj hais plaub hauv tsev hais plaub rawsli tau teem tseg lossis twb qhia paub ua ntej lawm tabsis tsis tuaj. FAIR HEARING - A hearing in which certain rights are respected such as the right to present evidence, to cross examine and to have findings supported by evidence. -Rooj plaub uas coj los sib hais yuav qhov ncaj ncees xwsli ob tog muaj cai muab tej povthawj, muaj cai sib xaub, sib nug thiab nrhiav qhov povthawj uas muaj tseeb. FALSE ARREST = NTES YUAM KEV - Any unlawful physical restraint of another's personal liberty, whether or not carried out by a peace officer. -Lam muab ib tug neeg ntes ceev cia nws tsis txhaum dabtsi, ntes yuam kev. FALSE IMPRISONMENT = KAW YUAM KEV – The unlawful restraint by one person of another person's physical liberty. -Tsis txhaum cia li muab kaw; muab kaw yuam kev yam uas tsis raug cai. FALSE PRETENSES = DAG NTXIAS – Representation of some fact or circumstance which is not true and is calculated to mislead, whereby a person obtains another's money or goods. -Dag, tsis qhia tseeb; muab tej yam khoom uas tsis muaj nqi pes tsawg coj mus dag luag tej haistias yam khoom no zoo heev kom luag yuav tus nqi tshaj qhov khoom; ntxias dag luag tej nyiaj los tej khoom zoo. FAMILY ALLOWANCE - A small amount of money set aside from the estate of the deceased. Its purpose is to provide for the surviving family members during the administration of the estate. -Ib qhov nyiaj me me uas tus neeg tas simneej muab tso tseg rau tsev neeg. Lub homphiaj yog cia cov nyiaj no rau tsev neeg siv lub sijhawm tab tom yuav muab tus neeg tas simneej cov nyiaj los sib faib. FEDERAL = TSOOMFWV ASMESLISKAS – Relating to the United States government. -Hais txog tebchaws Asmesliskas nomtswv txheej siab. FEE SIMPLE – The most complete, unlimited form of ownership of real property, which endures until the current holder dies without heir. -Kev ua tus tswv rau tej khoom cuabyeej cuabtam lossis av uas muaj txhij muaj txhua tshaj nyob rau uas siv tau txog txij tus tswv ntawd tas simneej es tsis muaj xeebntxwv lossis txheebze los txais cov khoom no mus ua nws ntiag tug. FELONY = TXIM LOJ – A crime of a more serious nature than a misdemeanor, usually punishable by imprisonment in a penitentiary for more than a year and/or substantial fines. -Lub txim loj, ib yam txhaum uas loj kawg nkaus, lub txim uas yuav tsum raug kaw tshaj ib xyoo lossis raug them nqi ntau heev. FELONY MURDER = TXIM LOJ TUA NEEG – A murder committed during the commission of a felony such as robbery, burglary, or kidnapping. -Txim tua neeg, tua neeg thaum mus ua tub sab lossis muab tus neeg ntawd ntes. FIDELITY BOND - See SURETY BOND. FIDUCIARY - A person having a legal relationship of trust and confidence to another and having a duty to act primarily for the others benefit, e.g., a guardian, trustee, or executor. -Tus tib neeg uas muaj cai ua tus saibxyuas lossis tuav lwm tus cov nyiaj, cov cuabyeej cuabtam. FIELD SOBRIETY TEST - A method of determining whether a person is intoxicated using a motor skills test which is administered by testing the driver's speaking ability and/or physical coordination. -Ib txoj kev soj ntsuam xyuas seb tus neeg ntawd puas qaug cawv, kuaj seb tus neeg tsav tsheb ntawd puas hais tau lus meej lossis puas siv tau tes thiab taw zoo. FIFTH AMENDMENT = TXOJCAI TSIB – Among other rights, the 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees that a person cannot be compelled to present self-incriminating testimony in a criminal proceeding. -Nrog rau lwm cov cai, Txojcai 5 hauv Tsoomfwv Asmesliskas Txojcai Loj (U.S. Constitution) lav tseg tias txhua tus neeg muaj cai tsis teb lus lossis hais cov lus uas muab siv los xub tau yus tus kheej nyob rau cov plaubntug raug kaw. Tsis muaj cai yuam kom teb yog tsis yeem. FILE - To place a paper in the official custody of the clerk of court to enter into the files or records of a case; referring to documents pertaining to a particular case. -Ua daim ntawv foob rau hauv tsev hais plaub kom lawv muab ib tug lej rau rooj plaub. Zaum twg nug txog rooj plaub ces nug tus lej xwb. FINAL JUDGMENT = TXIAV TXIM ZAUM KAWG – The written determination of a lawsuit by the judge who presided over the lawsuit which makes rulings on all issues and completes the case. A final judgment may be appealed by the losing party to the court of appeals. -Qhov uas txiav txim kawg ntawm rooj plaub tabsis yog tus neeg swb ntawd tsis txaus siab muaj cai thov kom lub tsev hais plaub qib siab rov muab rooj plaub los hais dua. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE = NTAWV QHIA TXOG NYIAJ TXIAG HAUV LUB NEEJ – A form seeking information about a person’s property, money, credit, and debts. -Ib tsab ntawv tshawb nug txog ib tus neeg tej khoom vajtse, nyiaj txiag, kev txais tiv nyiaj, thiab nuj nqi. FIND GUILTY = TXIAV TXIM TXHAUM – For the judge or jury to determine and declare the guilt of the defendant. -Tus kws txiav txim lossis cov pejxeem txiav txim haistias tus neeg raug plaub yog tus txhaum. FINDING = TXIAV TXIM POM TAU – Formal conclusion by a judge or jury on issues of fact. -Tus kws txiav txim lossis cov pejxeem txiav txim zaum kawg uas lawv muab cov povthawj lossis tej lus tseeb los xyuas. FINE = NYIAJ NPLUA – To sentence a person convicted of an offense to pay a penalty in money. -Txiav txim kom tus neeg txhaum them ib qho nyiaj; tsev hais plaub nplua tus neeg txhaum. FINGERPRINT = KAB TAUB TEG – The distinctive pattern of lines on human fingertips that are used as a method of identification in criminal cases. -Ib tug tib neeg cov kab taub teg nyias txawv nyias, muab cov taub teg los kuaj xyuas seb tus tibneeg ntawd puas yog tus ua txhaum. FIREARM = PHOM – A weapon which acts by force of gunpowder, such as a rifle, shotgun or revolver. -Rab phom, phom loj phom me. FIRST APPEARANCE = HAIS PLAUB THAWJ ZAUG -The initial appearance of an arrested person before a judge to determine whether there is probable cause for his or her arrest. Generally the person comes before a judge within hours of the arrest, and are informed of the charges against him or her and of his or her rights to a preliminary hearing, to counsel,and to bail. No plea is asked for at this state. Also called INITIAL APPEARANCE. -Coj los hais plaub thawj zaug tom qab uas nyuam quav ntes tau los. Coj los hais plaub seb puas tsim nyog muab kaw. Coj tus neeg uas ntes tau coj hais plaub hauv xam thawj zaug thiab los phua lub txim haistias yog vim licas thiaj li ntes thiab ho muaj cai licas, yuav txhiv pes tsawg nyiaj thiaj li tso tau mus tsev ib ntus mam li rov tuaj hais plau. FIRST IMPRESSION – Refers to a legal issue which has never been decided by an appeals court within the state and, therefore, there is no precedent for the court to follow. -Hais txog ib qhov kev txhaum txojcai uas lub tsev hais plaub loj yeej tsis tau txiav txim txog dua li, yog li no lub tsev hais plaub loj thiaj tsis muaj peevxwm taug qab tau. FOR THE RECORD - arguments or evidence counsel or parties want recorded by the court reporter. (Also: “On the Record” - instruction to court reporter, counsel, and parties that formal recording of events is occurring.) -Tej lus sib hais lossis tej povthawj uas muab los sib hais hauv tsev hais plaub yeej muaj ib tug neeg muab sau tseg cia. FORCIBLE ENTRY AND DETAINER - Ordinarily refers to a summary proceeding for restoring possession of land to one who has been wrongfully deprived of possession. -Daim ntawv uas muab qhov av uas luag cia li txeeb lawm rov qab rau tus tswv, muab qhov av uas luag txeeb yuam kev lawm rov rau tus tswv. FORECLOSURE - Procedure by which mortgaged property is sold on default of the mortgagor in satisfaction of mortgage debt. -Them tsis taus lub nqi tsev, lub tsev poob rov rau tus tswv txais nyiaj. FORESEEABILITY – The reasonable anticipation of the possible results of an action, such as what may happen if one is negligent or consequential damages resulting from breach of a contract. -Pom ua ntej lawm haistias qhov kawg nws yuav zoo licas, xwsli yog tias tsis ua zoo saibxyuas ces yuav zoo licas lossis yog ua tsis raws daim ntawv cog lus ces yuav zoo licas. FORFEIT - To lose, or lose the right to. -Swb, swb txojcai uas muaj. FORFEITURE - The loss of money or property resulting from failure to meet a legal obligation or from the illegal nature or use of the money or property. -Poob nyiaj lossis poob tej cuabyeej cuabtam vim tsis ua rawsli txojcai hais kom ua, lossis siv cov nyiaj losyog cov cuabyeej cuabtam txhaum cai. FORGERY = NYIAG KOS NPE - The act of claiming one's own writing to be that of another. -Txoj kev txhaum uas nyiag kos lwm tus lub npe. FOSTER CARE = NIAM QHUAV TXIV QHUAV SAIBXYUAS – legal placement of a child under the care of persons who are not his parents. -Ib qho chaw muaj cai tso ib tug menyuam nyob rau lwm cov neeg saibxyuas uas tsis yog nws niam nws txiv. FOUNDATION - In a trial, a foundation must be laid to establish the basis for the admissibility of certain types of evidence. For example, an expert witnesses's qualifications must be shown before expert testimony will be admissible. -Ib rooj plaub yuav tsum muaj puavpheej kom txaus thiaj li hais tau xwsli yuav tau coj cov timkhawv uas paub txog yam ntawd tuaj hais lus povthawj. FOURTH AMENDMENT = TXOJCAI THIB PLAUB – Among other matters, the 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without adequate due process. -Txojcai 4 hauv Tsoomfwv Asmesliskas Txojcai Loj txwv tsis pub cov xeev lam cia li txiav ib tug neeg txoj sia, lossis tsis pub vaj pub tsev rau nyob ua ntej muab nws rooj plaub los sib hais hauv tsev hais plaub yuav kev ncaj ncees. FRAUD = DAG TXHAUM TXOJCAI - Intentional, unlawful deception to deprive another person of property or to injure that person in some other way. -Txhob txwm dag, txhob txwm ua tsis raws txojcai, ntxias kom lwm tus neeg poob nyiaj poob txiaj. FRIVOLOUS CLAIM – When a proponent can present no rational argument based upon the evidence or law in support of that claim or defense. -Tus tswv plaub uas foob rooj plaub tsis muaj povthawj txaus tsim nyog foob luag. FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE – In criminal law, the doctrine that evidence discovered due to information found through illegal search or other unconstitutional means may not be introduced by a prosecutor. -Hauv cov plaubntug raug kaw, txwv tsis pub tus kws lijchoj rau lub xeev siv cov puavpheej uas muab los tsis raws txojcai los ua povthawj. G GAG ORDER = TSAB NTAWV TXWV TSIS PUB HAIS TAWM – A judge’s order prohibiting the attorneys and the parties to a pending lawsuit or criminal prosecution from talking to the media or the public about the case. -Tus kws txiav txim tsab ntawv txwv tsis pub tus kws lijchoj uas foob rooj plaub thiab tus txheem rooj plaub nrog cov neeg tso xov xwm thiab TV tham txog rooj plaub thaum tseem sib hais. GAMBLING – TWV TXIAJ – The act of staking money, or other thing of value, on an uncertain event or outcome. -Txoj kev uas muab nyiaj tso uake sib twv. GARNISH - To withhold a debtor's money, and turn it over to another in order to pay a debt. Typically, the one withholding the money is the debtor's employer. -Muab tus neeg tshuav nqi cov nyiaj txiav mus them tus neeg nws tshuav cov nqi. Hom ntau yog tus tswv lagluam yog tus txiav cov nyiaj mus them. GARNISHMENT - A legal proceeding in which a debtor's money, in the possession of another (the garnishee), is applied to the debts of the debtor, such as when an employer garnishes a debtor's wages. -Tsev hais plaub txiav txim kom txiav tus neeg tshuav nqi cov nyiaj hli mus them cov nuj nqis uas nws tshuav. GENERAL APPEARANCE – An attorney’s representation of a client in court for all purposes connected with a pending lawsuit or prosecution. -Tus kws lijchoj tuaj ntsib tsev hais plaub ntsig txog rooj plaub. GENERAL ASSIGNMENT - The voluntary transfer, by a debtor, of all property to a trustee for the benefit of all of his or her creditors. -Tus neeg tshuav nqi zoo siab muab nws cov cuabyeej, vajtsev hloov rau cov neeg uas nws tshuav nqi. GENERAL DAMAGES = NYIAJ KHO - Monetary recovery in a lawsuit for injuries suffered, e.g., pain, suffering, inability to perform certain functions. -Cov nyiaj uas tsev hais plaub txiav txim kom lwm tus neeg lossis lwm lub lagluam them rau ib tug neeg uas raug mob. GENERAL JURISDICTION – Refers to courts that have no limit on the types of criminal and civil cases they may hear. -Lub xam uas hais tau txhua yam plaub, cov plaub raug kaw thiab cov plaub hais yuav ib pob nyiaj los yeej neeg sibfoob tau tib si. 1 GLUE SNIFFING - The act of inhaling glue in order to get high. -Haus cov pa kua nplaum “glue” kom qaug. GOOD CAUSE - Substantial reason, one that affords a legal excuse. -Muaj qab hau txaus thiaj li raug zam txim. GOOD FAITH - An honest belief, the absence of malice, and the absence of design to defraud. -Kev ntseeg ncaj ncees uas tsis muaj kev xav phem tsis muaj kev ntxeev ntxias, tsis muaj kev dag. GOOD TIME - A reduction in sentenced time in prison as a reward for good behavior. It usually is one-third to one-half off the maximum sentence. -Muab lub txim kaw luv vim coj cwjpwm zoo. Tejzaum luv li ib nrab lossis ib feem peb ntawm lub txim. GRAND JURY - Jury of inquiry. The jury which determines which charges, if any, are to be brought against a defendant. -Cov pejxeem xwj thiab nug txog rooj plaub. Cov pejxeem uas txiav txim seb puas foob tus neeg raug foob ntawd. GRAND THEFT = NYIAG KHOOM RAUG NQI NTAU – Taking and carrying away the personal property of another person of a value in excess of an amount set by law with the intent to deprive the owner or possessor of it permanently. -Nyiag lwm tus neeg cov khoom uas muaj nuj nqi, muab lwm tus cov khoom uas muaj nuj nqi los ua yus tug. GRANTOR OR SETTLOR - The person who sets up a trust. -Tus neeg tso nyiaj. GROSS INCOME = NYIAJ TAU UA NTEJ THEM SE – All earnings and regular payments due to a person before taxes are paid. -Txhuas cov nyiaj ua haujlwm thiab nyiaj them rau ib tus neeg ua ntej txiav se tawm. GROSS NEGLIGENCE – Carelessness which is in reckless disregard for the safety or lives of others, and is so great it appears to be a conscious violation of other people’s rights to safety. It is more than simple inadvertence, but it is just shy of being intentionally evil. -Txhob txwm ua phem, tsis xav txog lwm tus txoj sia, tsis xav txog haistias ua li ntawd lwm tus yuav raug mob lossis luag tej khoom yuav puas. Tsis yog lam uasi tabsis ho tsis yog txhob txwm siab phem lim hiam. GROUNDS = HAUVPAUS – A foundation or basis; points relied on. -Lub hauvpaus, tus cag, qhov pib. GROUP HOME = TSEV PAB SAIB TU MENYUAM – A home for a group of juveniles who are legally placed under the care of someone other than their parents. -Ib lub tsev rau ib pawg menyuam tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog uas lawv muaj cai nyob rau lwm tus neeg pab saib tu es tsis yog lawv niam lawv tixv. GUARDIAN - A person appointed by will or by law to assume responsibility for incompetent adults or minor children. If a parent dies, this will usually be the other parent. If both die, it probably will be a close relative. -Tus neeg uas tsev hais plaub tso cai lossis muaj ntaub ntawd xaj tseg kom nws ua tus saibxyuas cov menyuam lossis tus neeg laus uas muaj mob ruam ua tsis taus. Hom ntau, yog leej niam tuag ces leej txiv yog tus saibxyuas, leej txiv tuag ces leej niam yog tus saibxyuas, yog ob leeg tuag ces cov txheeb ze yog tus saib xyaus. GUARDIAN AD LITEM = KWS LIJCHOJ RAU MENYUAM – An attorney appointed by the court to take legal action on behalf of a minor or an adult not able to handle his or her own affairs. Duties may include filing a lawsuit for an injured child, defending a lawsuit or filing a claim against an estate. -Tus kws lijchoj uas tsev hais plaub tso cai nws ua tus sawvcev hais plaub rau tus menyuam lossis tus neeg laus uas nws sawvcev tsis tau rau nws tus kheej. GUARDIANSHIP - Legal right given to a person to be responsible for the food, housing, health care, and other necessities of a person deemed incapable of providing these necessities for himself or herself, usually an incompetent adult or minor child. -Tsev hais plaub tso cai rau ib tug neeg ua tus saibxyuas yuav zaub mov, nrhiav tsev nyob, xyuas kom txhob muaj mob rau tus neeg uas nws ua tsis tau noj, mus tsis tau, nws pab tsis taus nws tus kheej lawm. GUILTY = TXHAUM - Responsible for a delinquency, crime, or other offense; not innocent. -Yuav tau ris lub txim txhaum; yuav tau lees paub qhov ua txhaum. H HABEAS CORPUS – (Latin for “you have the body.”) A court order that directs the law enforcement officials who have custody of a prisoner to appear in court with the prisoner to help the judge determine whether the prisoner is lawfully in prison or jail. -Kws txiav txim tsab ntawv xaaj kom cov tub ceevxwm coj tus neeg raug kaw los rau hauv tsev hais plaub, kws txiav txim thiaj li paub txiav txim seb nws puas raug kaw raws kevcai. HANDCUFFS = HLAU XAUV TES TAW – Chains or shackles for the hands to secure prisoners. -Txoj saw hlau lossis lojcuj xauv tes kom ceev tau cov neeg raug kaw. HARASSMENT - Words, gestures, and actions which tend to annoy, alarm, and verbally abuse another person. -Hais lus phem, coj tus yam ntxwv phem, txhob txwm ua kom luag npau taws, hais lus tsis zoo txog lwm tus thiab lam tau lam cem lwm tus. HARMLESS ERROR - An error committed during a trial that was corrected or was not serious enough to affect the outcome of a trial and therefore was not sufficiently harmful (prejudicial) to be reversed on appeal. -Ib qho yuam kev me me thaum hais plaub hauv tsev hais plaub tabsis tsis yog ib yam loj uas yuav ua kom rooj plaub yeej los swb. HEARING - A proceeding similar to a trial, without a jury, and usually of shorter duration. -Kev hais plaub uas zoo xwsli ib rooj plaub loj, tabsis tsis muaj cov pejxeem txiav txim, thiab feem ntau siv sijhawm luv zog. HEARING, CONTESTED - A hearing held for the purpose of deciding issues or fact of law that both parties are disputing. -Ib rooj plaub los sib hais vim ob tug tswv plaub tsis txaus siab tau muaj kev covnyom. HEARING, PRELIMINARY - The hearing given to person accused of crime, by a magistrate or judge, to determine whether there is enough evidence to warrant the confinement and holding to bail the person accused. -Coj tus neeg raug liam kev txhaum los hais plaub ntawm ib tug kws txiav txim puas muaj povthawj txaus muab nws kaw yuav nyiaj txhiv. HEARSAY = LUS HNOV NTAWM LWM TUS – Statements by a witness who did not see or hear the incident in question but heard about it from someone else. Hearsay is usually not admissible as evidence in court. -Zaj lus hais los ntawm tus povthawj haistias nws hnov lwm tus hais li ntawd xwb tabsis nws tsis nyob ntawd pom kiag, lossis hnov kiag qhov teebmeem uas tshwmsim. Cov lus povthawj no tsev hais plaub tsis siv los ua lus povthawj tseemceeb. HIT AND RUN = TSOO RAUG ES KHIAV – Crime in which the driver of a vehicle leaves the scene of an accident without identifying himself or herself. -Tsav tsheb tsoo neeg losyog lwm yam cia li khiav ntawm thaj chaw ntawd mus tsis kam qhia rau leej twg tias nws yog leej twg. HOLDING CELL = CHAV KAW NEEG – A temporary location that is meant to secure the accused while waiting for trial to begin or continue. -Qhov chaw coj tus neeg raug plaub los kaw nyob tos txog lub sijhawm hais rooj plaub. HOLOGRAPHIC WILL – A will entirely written, dated, and signed by the testator in his/her own handwriting. -Tus neeg tas simneej tsab ntawv tso khoom tseg uas yog nws siv nws tes sau kiaj txhua lo lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv. HOME MONITORING = KHOO HAUV TSEV – An alternative to incarceration where an individual is confined to his or her home and monitored electronically. -Ib txoj kev rau txim cia tus neeg raug txim nyob hauv tsev ces tub ceevxwm muab ib lub xauv taw xauv rau ntawm nws ko taw tsis pub mus qhov twg yog nws tawm hauv tsev lawm ces lawv yeej paub. HOMICIDE = TUA NEEG TUAG – The unlawful killing of one human being by another. -Tua neeg tsis raug cai; ib tug neeg tua lwm tus neeg txhaum txojcai. HOSTILE WITNESS - A witness whose testimony is not favorable to the party who calls him or her as a witness. A hostile witness may be asked leading questions and may be cross-examined by the party who calls him or her to the stand. -Tus povthawj uas nws tuaj hais lus ua povthawj tabsis nws cov lus tsis pab tus neeg uas hu nws tuaj ua povthawj. Nws tus kws lijchoj muaj cai nug nws thiab lwm tus kws lijchoj kuj muaj cai nug nws thiab. HUNG JURY = PEJXEEM TXIAV TXIM TSIS POMZOO IB YAM – A jury whose members cannot agree upon a verdict. -Cov pejxeem txiav txim rooj plaub tsis pomzoo ib yam. Ib cov pomzoo tus neeg ntawd txhaum, ib cov tsis pomzoo txhaum. HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION - An imaginary situation, incorporating facts previously admitted into evidence, upon which an expert witness is permitted to give an opinion as to a condition resulting from the situation. -Ib qho puavpheej uas yog kwv yees muab los ua povthawj xwb pivtxwv li hu cov neeg txawj ntse txog yam ntawd tuaj muab tswvyim pab. I ILLEGAL = TXHAUM KEVCAI, TSIS RAWS KEVCAI - Against, or not authorized by law; unlawful. -Kwv nyom, yuam cai, losyog tsis tau kev tsocai los ntawm kevcai lijchoj, txhaum cai. IMMATERIAL – A commonly heard objection to introducing evidence in a trial on the ground that it had nothing substantial to do with the case or any issue in the case. It can also apply to any matter (such as an argument or complaint) in a lawsuit, which has no bearing on the issues to be decided in a trial. -Ib lo lus uas siv heev nyob rau hauv tsev hais plaub thaum txwv tsis pub teb los qhia txog cov povthawj uas muaj nyob rau hauv rooj plaub losyog ib yam dabtsi txog rooj plaub. Tsis tas li nws kuj hais txog tejyam dabtsi (xwsli kev sib cam losyog tsis txaus siab) nyob rau ib qhov kev sibfoob, uas tsis muaj dabtsis txog qhov yuav txiav txim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub. IMMIGRATION = TUAJ NYOB LUAG TEBCHAWS – The coming into a country of foreigners for purposes of permanent residence. - Txoj kev uas cov tibneeg txawv tebchaws khiav tuaj nyob rau ib lub tebchaws ua lawv haiv neeg kom muaj ntaub ntawv raws kevcai nyob mus tas li. IMMUNITY - Grant by the court which assures someone will not face prosecution in return for providing evidence in a criminal proceeding. -Tsocai los ntawm tsev hais plaub uas txawv tsis pub kom tus neeg raug kev rau txim yog tias nws kam muab povthawj los rau ib rooj plaub ua txhaum cai. IMPANEL - To seat a jury. When voir dire is finished and both sides have exercised their challenges, the jury is impaneled. The jurors are sworn in and the trial is ready to proceed. -Coj cov pejxeem txiav txim plaub los zaum. Thaum nug thiab soj ntshuam xyuas cov pejxeem tag, thiab ob sab tau siv lawv cov cai los txiav txim xaiv tag, ces caw cov pejxeem txiav txim plaub los zaum. IMPEACHMENT OF WITNESS - To call into question the truthfulness of a witness. -Caws tus povthawj los nug txog seb nws puas yog ib tug qhia tsheeb. IMPLIED CONTRACT - A contract in which the promise made by the obligor is not expressed, but inferred by one's conduct or implied in law. -Ib tsab ntawv cog lus, uas tsis hnov tus tswv hais cov lus kiag, tabsis pom tau los ntawm nws tus cwjpwm losyog muaj nyob rau hauv txojcai. IN CAMERA – In chambers; in private. Usually refers to a judge privately reviewing sensitive evidence, e.g., mental health records or trade secrets. -Chav uas tus kwv txiav txim plaub zaum, nws ib leeg. Feem ntau yog rau tus kws txiav txim plaub rov qab los saib thiab xyuas tejyam khoom povthawj tseemceeb, pivtxwv li tej ntaub ntawv khomob ncig txog kev puas xuab moom lossis tejyam kev lagluam txwv tsis pub leej twg paub.. IN FORMA PAUPERIS – Permission given by the court to a person to file a case without payment of the required court fees because the person cannot pay them. -Kev tsocai ntawm tsev hais plaub rau ib tug neeg ua ntawv foob, uas tsis tau them tus nqi hauv tsev hais plaub vim nws tsis muaj nyiaj them. IN PROPRIA PERSONA = SAWVCEV RAU YUS TUS KHEEJ – Acting on one’s own behalf, generally used to identify a person who is acting as his or her own attorney in a lawsuit. -Sawvcev rau yus tus kheej; feem ntau siv los mus qhia txog ib tus neeg uas sawvcev ua nws tus kws lijchoj nres nws rooj plaub. INADMISSIBLE = SIV TSIS TAU, TSIS PUB SIV - That which, under the rules of evidence, cannot be admitted as evidence in a trial or hearing. -Qhov ua, rawsli cov cai povthawj, txwv tsis pub muab los siv ua povthawj nyob rau ib rooj plaub uas hais muaj yeej muaj swb, losyog ib txoj kev plaub. INCAPACITY - The lack of power or the legal ability to act. -Tsis muaj peevxwm, lossis tsis muaj kevcai lijchoj tias yuav ua mus licas. INCARCERATE = MUAB KAW - To confine in jail. -Muab kaw rau hauv tsev kaw neeg. INCEST = NEEG SIB TXHEEB SIB DEEV PW UAKE - Sexual intercourse between persons so closely related that marriage between them would be unlawful. -Kev sib deev los ntawm cov neeg uas sib txheeb heev yog haistias sib yuam ua txhaum txoj cai. INCOMPETENCY = KEV TSIS MEEJPEM TXAUS - Lack of capacity to understand the nature and object of the proceedings, to consult with counsel, and to assist in preparing a defense. -Tsis muaj qhov kev totaub txog ntawm rooj plaub thiab ntsiab lus hais plaub; kev nrog tus kws lijchoj sablaj thiab kev npaj los mus hais rooj plaub. INCOMPETENT = TSIS MEEJPEM TXAUS – 1. Refers to a person who is not able to manage his or her affairs due to mental deficiency or sometimes physical disability. Being incompetent can be the basis for appointment of a guardian or conservator to handle his or her person and/or affairs. 2. In criminal law, the inability to understand the nature of a trial. In these cases, the defendant is usually institutionalized until such time as he/she regains sanity and can be tried. -1. Hais txog ib tus neeg uas tsis muaj peevxwm saibxyuas txog nws lub neej vim hlwb tsis zoo, losyog tejzaum lub cev muaj mob ua tsis tau haujlwm. Qhov tias pab tsis tau tus kheej yog ib qho uas lub tsev hais plaub muab ib tug neeg los saibxyuas lossis los mus tuav/khiav/pab tus neeg thiab nws tej kev nyob noj haus. 2. Nyob rau hauv cov plaubntug txhaum cai raug kaw,yog haistias tsis muaj peevxwm totaub txog kev hais plaubntug. Nyob rau cov plaubntug no, tus neeg raug foob feem ntau muab coj mus nyob rau ib lub tsev mob hlwb kom txog thaum nws rov meejpem mam li muab nws coj los hais plaub. INCONTROVERTIBLE EVIDENCE – Evidence introduced to prove a fact in a trial which is so conclusive, that by no stretch of the imagination can there be any other truth as to that matter. -Povthawj muab coj los qhia kom tau qhov tseeb nyob rau rooj plaub muaj yeej muaj swb uas muaj tseeb tiag, es tsis muaj lwm yam uas yuav qhia tau tseeb tshaj txog qhov ntawd. INCRIMINATE - To make it appear that one is guilty of a crime. -Ua kom zoo li yus yog tus txhaum lub txim. INDECENT EXPOSURE - Exposure to sight of the private parts of the body in a lewd or indecent manner in a public place. -Ua rau luag pom tej chaw mos ntawm lub cev uas yam tsis zoo saib losyog tsis paub cai nyob rau tej chaw hauv zejzog. INDEMNIFY - The term pertains to liability for loss shifted from one person held legally responsible to another. -Lo lus hais txog kev lav khoom puas muab hloov ntawm ib tus neeg muaj cai tuav mus rau lwm tus. INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR - A special kind of executor, permitted by the laws of certain states, who performs the duties of an executor without intervention by the court. -Ib tug neeg txiav txim, muaj tej lub xeev tsocai rau nws, ua txoj haujlwm li ib tug neeg txiav txim es tsis tas lub tsev hais plaub nrog xyuas. INDETERMINATE SENTENCE - A sentence of imprisonment to a specified minimum and maximum period of time, specifically authorized by statute, subject to termination by a parole board or other authorized agency after the prisoner has served the minimum term. -Ib qho kev txiav txim kaw neeg rawsli lub sijhawm tsawg kawg nkaus los ntev kawg nkaus, uas tau kev tsocai rawsli lub xeev txojcai, qhov uas muab tshem tawm tsis nyob txim ntxiv ces yog nyob ntawm cov neeg saibxyuas neeg raug txim (parole board) losyog lwm lub hoobkaas, tabsis mam ua tau tomqab lub sijhawm tus neeg txhaum plaub twb nyob puv nws lub txim kaw lawm. INDICTMENT = TSAB NTAWV FOOB - A formal written accusation, issued by a grand jury, charging a party with a crime. - Ib tsab ntawv sau liam txim los ntawd cov pejxeem txiav txim qib siab, uas foob tus neeg tias nws tau ua kev txhaum cai. INDIGENT = PLUAG, TXOMNYEM - Needy and poor. A defendant who can demonstrate his or her indigence to the court may be assigned a court-appointed attorney at public expense. -Pluag lossis txomnyem. Tus neeg raug foob uas nws qhia tau tias nws txomnyem rau lub tsev hais plaub tejzaum tsev hais plaub yuav muab ib tug kws lijchoj rau nws uas zejzog/pejxeem them. INFORMANT = TUS NEEG QHIA - An undisclosed person who confidentially discloses material information of a crime to the police, which is usually done in exchange for a reward or special treatment. -Ib tug neeg uas tsis pub qhia tawm ua nws zais qhia tejyam tseemceeb txog ib qhov kev txhaum cai rau tub ceevxwm, feem ntau qhov no ua pauv kom tau nyiaj lossis tejyam kom zoo rau nws. INFORMATION - A formal written document filed by the prosecutor detailing the criminal charges against the defendant. An alternative to an indictment, it serves to bring a defendant to trial. -Ib tsab ntawv sau tawm los ntawm tus kws lijchoj hais plaub rau lub nroog/xeev qhia txog tej kev txhaum cai foob tus neeg raug foob. Siv tau ib yam li tsab ntawv foob plaub (indictment), nws lub homphiaj yog hais qhia kom tus neeg raug foob tuaj mus hais plaub. INFRACTION - A violation of law, not punishable by imprisonment. Minor traffic offenses are generally considered infractions. -Ib qho kev ua txhaum cai, uas tsis raug lub txim muab kaw qhov taub. Cov txim txhaum me li tsav tsheb txhaum cai yog lub txim uas tsis raug kaw qhov taub. INHERITANCE TAX - A state tax on property that an heir or beneficiary under a will receives from a deceased person's estate. The heir or beneficiary pays this tax. - Lub xeev cov nqi se uas sau rau cov cuabyeej cuabtam uas ib tus neeg txheeb ze lossis tus neeg muaj npe hauv tsab ntawv tso cuabyeej cuabtam tseg tau txais los ntawm tus neeg tag ib simneej. Tus neeg txheeb ze lossis tus neeg muaj npe hauv tsab ntawv tso cuabyeej cuabtam them cov nqi se no. INITIAL APPEARANCE = KEV HAIS PLAUB THAWJ ZAUG - In criminal law, the hearing at which a judge determines whether there is sufficient evidence against a person charged with a crime to hold him or her for trial. The Constitution bans secret accusations, so initial appearances are public unless the defendant asks otherwise; the accused must be present, though he or she usually does not offer evidence. Also called FIRST APPEARANCE. -Nyob rau kev txhaum uas raug kaw, rooj plaub uas tus kws txiam txim los xyuas seb puas muaj povthawj txaus foob ib tus neeg uas raug liam txim, seb puas muab tuav kaw tos hais rooj plaub muaj yeej muaj swb. Tsoomfwv txoj kevcai lijchoj txwv tsis pub muaj kev zais lus iab liam, yog li no thawj zaug tuaj hais plaub hauv tsev hais plaub muaj qhib rau pejxeem sawvdaws tuaj mloog, yog tias tus neeg raug foob tsis hais dabtsi; tus raug liam yuav tsum tuaj rau ntawd, tabsis feem ntau nws tsis tas yuav muab povthawj dabtsi. Kuj hu ua “FIRST APPEARANCE.” INJUNCTION = TSAB NTAWV TXWV - Writ or order by a court prohibiting a specific action from being carried out by a person or group. -Tsev hais plaub tsab ntawv txwv tsis pub ib tus neeg lossis ib pawg neeg ua tejyam dabtsi. INMATE = TUS NEEG NYOB QHOV TAUB - A person confined to a prison, penitentiary, or jail. -Tus neeg raug txim nyob hauv ib lub tsev kaw neeg, nkuaj lossis qhov taub. INNOCENT UNTIL PROVEN GUILTY = TSIS TXHAUM TXOG TXIJ POM TSEEB TIAS TXHAUM TIAG - A belief in the American legal system which states that all people accused of a criminal act are considered not to have committed the crime until the evidence leaves no doubt in the mind of the court or the jury that the accused did or did not commit the crime. -Ib qho kev ntseeg ntawm Amesliskas kevcai lijchoj hais plaubntug tias txhua tus neeg raug liam tias tau ua kev txhaum ib txojcai yuav tsum xav tias nws tsis tau ua txog txij cov povthawj qhia tau tseeb tias tsis muaj ib yam xoomxiam rau tus kws txiav txim losyog cov pejxeem txiav txim tias tus neeg raug liam yeej tau lossis tsis tau ua txhaum txojcai. INQUEST – An investigation and/or a hearing held by the county coroner when there is a violent death either by accident or homicide, the cause of death is not immediately clear, or there are mysterious circumstances surrounding the death. -Ib qho kev soj xyuas thiab/lossis qhov kev sib tham nyob rau ntawm tus neeg tshawb xyuas kev tuag hauv lub nroog thaum uas muaj tuag kev tsis zoo los ntawm kev pheej hmoo lossis raug tua , qhov tshwmsim ua tag simneej tsis tau paub meej, losyog muaj tejyam txawv txav heev ncig txog ntawm qhov kev tuag. INSANITY PLEA = LO LUS TEB/LEES TIAS VWM LAWM LOSSIS TSIS MEEJPEM - A claim by a defendant that he or she lacks the soundness of mind required by law to accept responsibility for a criminal act. -Ib los lus tus neeg raug foob hais pab nws tus kheej tias nws lub xuab moom tsis zoo rawsli kevcai lijchoj los lees lav qhov tau ua txhaum txojcai. INSTRUCTIONS = LUS QHUAB QHIA - Judge's explanation to the jury before it begins deliberations of the questions it must answer and the applicable law governing the case. -Tus kws txiav txim cov lus qhia rau cov pejxeem txiav txim ua ntej mus ntsuam xyuas txog cov lus uas lawv yuav tsum tau teb thiab cov cai tsim muaj saibxyuas rooj plaub. INTAKE = SIB NTISB UA NTAUB NTAWV – An initial meeting or hearing where the case is evaluated and a decision made about what will happen next. -Tuaj sib ntsib thawj zaug lossis muab rooj plaub los hais ntsuam xyuas thiab txiav txim seb yuav tshwm sim licas ntxiv. INTANGIBLE ASSETS - Nonphysical items such as stock certificates, bonds, bank accounts, and pension benefits that have value and must be taken into account in estate planning. -Tejyam khoom uas tsis muaj nyob ntawm tes rawsli nyiaj tso noj paj ua lagluam (stocks), nomtswv zejzog nyiaj qiv ua lagluam (bonds), nyiaj nyob rau hauv tsev tso nyiaj (bank accounts), thiab nyiaj laus ua haujlwm (pension benefits) uas muaj nqis es yuav tau muab los ntaus nqi thaum ua ntaub ntawv faib cuabyeej cuabtam (estate planning). INTENT = HOMPHIAJ - The purpose to use a particular means to bring about a certain result. -Lub homphiaj siv ib qho kev los ua kom tau tej yus xav tau. INTER ALIA - Among other things or matters. -Nrog rau lwm yam, losyog lwm qhov teebmeem. INTERLOCUTORY - Provisional; not final. An interlocutory order or an interlocutory appeal concerns only a part of the issues raised in a lawsuit. -Siv tamsim ntawd xwb; tsis tau yog qhov kawg. Ib tsab ntawv hais kom ua losyog ib tsab ntawv tsis txaus siab uas tsuas hais txog ib qho ntawm cov teebmeem muaj nyob rau ib rooj plaub xwb. INTERROGATORIES = COV NTAWV NUG LUS - Written questions asked by one party in a lawsuit for which the opposing party must provide written answers. -Cov ntsiab lus sau nug los ntawm ib tog nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub sibfoob uas sab tod yuav tsum sau ntawv teb. INTERVENTION - An action by which a third person who may be affected by a lawsuit is permitted to become a party to the suit. Differs from the process of becoming an amicus curiae. -Ib yam ua los ntawm ib tus neeg sab nraud uas nws muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm rooj plaub es tau cai los nkag ua ib tug nyob rau ntawm rooj plaub sibfoob. Qhov no nws txawv li qhov uas los ua “amicus curiae”. INTESTATE - Dying without a will. -Tag simneej tsis muaj ntaub ntawv faib cuabyeej cuabtam. INTESTATE SUCCESSION - The process by which the property of a person who has died without a will passes on to others according to the state's descent and distribution statutes. If someone dies without a will, and the court uses the state's interstate succession laws, an heir who receives some of the deceased's property is an intestate heir. -Qhov kev uas cov khoom vajtsev ntawm ib tus neeg uas tag simneej tsis muaj ntaub ntawv faib lub neej yuav muab faib rau lwm tus rawsli hais tseg thiab kevcai faib. Yog ib tug neeg tuag es tsis muaj ntaub ntawv faib lub neej, ces tsev hais plaub yuav siv lub xeev txojcai los faib nws cov khoom. Tus neeg uas tau txais cov khoom faib los ntawm tus neeg uas tuag lawm es tsis sau ntawv tseg no hu ua, “intestate heir”. INVESTIGATION = KEV XWJ, KEV SOJ NTSUAM, KEV TSHAWB NRHIAV - A legal inquiry to discover and collect facts concerning a certain matter. -Ib qho kev tshawb soj xyuas raws cai kom paub thiab muab tau tejyam tseeb txog ib qho dabtsi. IRRELEVANT = TSIS TSEEMCEEB, TSIS MUAJ NQE - Evidence not sufficiently related to the matter in issue. -Cov povthawj uas tsis muaj ib yam dabtsi txuam nrog qhov teebmeem uas tshwmsim. IRRETRIEVABLY BROKEN = PUAS KHO TSIS TAU LI LAWM - Refers to a marriage where there is no hope for a reconciliation. -Hais txog txoj kev txijnkawm uas tsis muaj kev cia siab tias yuav sib kho kom haum li lawm. IRREVOCABLE TRUST - A trust that, once set up, the grantor may not revoke. -Ib pob nyiaj uas yog thaum tsim muaj lawm, tus muaj npe ntawm pob nyiaj yuav muab tshem tawm tsis tau. ISSUE = TEEBMEEM, XWM TXHEEJ, XA TAWM – 1. The disputed point in a disagreement between parties in a lawsuit. 2. To send out officially, as in to issue an order. -1. Qhov sib hais tsis haum uas tsis pomzoo nyob rau ntawm ob tog hauv ib rooj plaub. 2. Muab xa tawm, xwsli xaaj ib tsab ntawv tawm. J JAIL = QHOV TAUB ME, TSEV KAW NEEG, NKUAJ - A place of confinement that is more than a police station and less than a prison. It is usually used to hold persons convicted of misdemeanors or persons awaiting trial. -Ib qho chaw kaw neeg uas loj dua ib lub tsev tub ceevxwm thiab me dua ib lub tsev kaw neeg rau txim loj. Feem ntau, siv tuav cov neeg uas txhaum plaub lub txim me losyog cov neeg nyob tos hais plaub. JEOPARDY - The peril in which an accused is placed when he is properly charged with a crime before a court. Jeopardy normally attaches when the petit jury is impaneled. After such time, the accused may not be released and tried at a later date for the same offense. Subject to exception. See DOUBLE JEOPARDY. -Qhov hu raws cai nyob rau thaum ib tug neeg raug liam ua txhaum es muab nws ua ntaub ntawv thwj toob nrog rau ib qho kev txhaum nyob rau ib lub tsev hais plaub. Lub npe hu no feem ntau muab pib siv thaum cov pejxeem txiav txim muab xaiv raws cai tau lawm. Tom qab lub caij no, tus neeg raug liam tejzaum yuav tsis pub tso tawm thiab rov hais plaub dua lwm lub sijhawm rau tib qho tau ua txhaum. JIPS = MENYUAM UAS TOOBKAAS KEV TIV THAIV THIAB KEV PABCUAM – (Juvenile in need of protection and services.) Court proceedings involving a juvenile under the age of 18 years (1) whose parent signs a petition requesting the court to take jurisdiction and is unable to control the juvenile; (2) who is habitually truant from school or home; (3) who is a school dropout; (4) who is under the age of 10-years and has committed a delinquent (criminal) act; or, (5) who has been determined to be not responsible for a delinquent act by reason of mental disease or defect or who has been to be not competent to proceed. -(Menyuam tsis muaj hnub nyug uasxav tau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev pab cuam). Plaubntug uas hais ncig txog menyuam hnub nyug 18 xyoo rov los hauv no (1) uas nws niam nws txiv kos npe tsocai kom tsev hais plaub ua tus saibxyuas thiab vim tsis muaj peevxwm hais tau tus menyuam; (2) cov menyuam uas tsis mus kawm ntawv lossis los tsev; (3) cov menyuam uas cia li tso kev kawm ntawv tseg tsis kawm lawm; (4) cov uas 10 xyoo rov los hauv no uas tau ua txhaum kevcai lijchoj; lossis (5) cov uas tau txiav txim pom tias nws tsis muaj peevxwm lav lub txim nws ua txhaum vim muaj kev mob hlwb, losyog tias tsis paub qab hau es yuav hais tsis tau nws rooj plaub. JOINT = SIB KOOM, UAKE- United, combined, to enter into an alliance. -Sib koom. Muab tso uake, muab los nyob uake. JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY - A legal doctrine that makes each of the parties who are responsible for an injury liable for all the damages awarded in a lawsuit if the other parties responsible cannot pay. -Tsab ntawv uas los ua ob tus neeg uas yog tias muaj kev lav pij xauj rau ib tus neeg kev raug mob, los them nyiaj rau txhua yam kev puas tshuaj yog tias rooj plaub yeej, uas tus nws lav pij xauj them tsis tau. JOINT CUSTODY = OB LEEG MUAJ CAI TU SAIBXYUAS – When both parents have the responsibility of caring for, controlling, and supporting their child after a divorce. -Thaum ob leeg niam txiv muaj cai los mus tu saibxyuas, khoo, thiab pab txhawb nkawv tus menyuam tom qab sib nrauj. JOINT TENANCY = OB TUG NEEG UA TSWV TSEV - A form of legal co-ownership of property (also known as survivorship). At the death of one co-owner, the surviving co-owner becomes sole owner of the property. Tenancy by the entirety is a special form of joint tenancy between a husband and wife. -Ib qho kev sib koom ua tswv cuab rau vajtsev. (Hu tau ua survivorship)Thaum ib tug tswv tag ib simneej lawm, tus tswv nyob yog tus cuab kheej ntawm cov vajtsev. Kev sib koom ua tswv cuab li no yog los ntawm tus niam thiab tus txiv. JOINT VENTURE - An association of persons jointly undertaking some commercial enterprise. Unlike a partnership, a joint venture does not entail a continuing relationship among the parties. -Ib pawg neeg los sib koom uake ua ib yam lagluam. Tsis zoo li hom lagluam uas sib koom los ntawm ob leeg, yam kev koom ua lagluam no tsis tas yuav muaj kev sib raug phoojywg los ntawd pawg neeg ua no. JOYRIDING - The illegal taking of an automobile without intent to deprive the owner permanently of the vehicle, often involving reckless driving. -Kev ua tsis raws cai uas nyiag ib lub tsheb uas tsis yog txhob txwm ua kom tus tswv plam nws lub tsheb mus ib txhis, feem ntau coj mus tsav ua lwj ua liam. JUDGE = KWS TXIAV TXIM, NAI XAAM - An elected or appointed public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a court of law. -Ib tug neeg uas pejxeem xaiv lossis nomtswv tsa uas muaj txojcai los mloog thiab txiav txim rau cov plaubntug hauv tsev hais plaub. JUDGMENT = KEV TXIAV TXIM ZAUM KAWG - The final decision of the court, resolving the dispute; an opinion; an award. -Qhov kev txiam txiv thaum kawg nyob rau hauv tsev hais plaub, kho tau qhov teebmeem sibhaum; muaj lub tswvyim nthuav tawm; pob nyiaj uas yeej. JUDGMENT NOT WITHSTANDING THE VERDICT – (J.N.O.V.) Reversal of a jury’s verdict by the trial judge when the judge believes there was no factual basis for the verdict or it was contrary to law. -Tus kws txiav txim plaub ro qab tu rooj plaub txawv li qhov cov pejxeem pomzoo vim tus kws txiav txim plaub pom haistias qhov cov pejxeem pomzoo ntawd tsis muaj qhov tseeb (losyog tsis muaj povthawj txaus) losyog tias cuam tshuam rau txojcai lawm. JUDICIAL NOTICE - A court's recognition of the truth of basic facts without formal evidence. -Lub tsev hais plaub lees paub txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab l us tsis tas yuav muaj povthawj. JUDICIAL REVIEW - The authority of a court to review the official actions of other branches of government. Also, the authority to declare unconstitutional the actions of other branches. -Tso cia rau tsev hais plaub kuaj xyuas kev lis dejnum ntawm lwm lub hoob kas. Thiab tsev hais plaub tseem muaj cai haistias tejyam lawv tau ua tas los lawm tsis raug cai lawm. JURISDICTION = KEV TSOCAI - 1. The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. 2. The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases. -1. Kev muaj cai ntawm ib lub tsev hais plaub los mloog thiab txiav txim rau ib rooj plaub. 2. Qhov thaj tsam chaw uas lub tsev hais plaub muaj cai los txiav txim tu plaubntug. JURISPRUDENCE - The study of law and the structure of the legal system. -Kev kawm txog kevcai lijchoj thiab cov kauj ruam nyob rau hauv txojcai tuav plaubntug. JUROR = TUS PEJXEEM TXIAV TXIM - Member of the jury. -Ib tug ntawm cov pejxeem txiav txim. JUROR, ALTERNATE = TUS PEJXEEM TXIAV TXIM UAS HLOOV – Additional juror impaneled in case of sickness or disability of another juror. - Tus pejxeem uas raug xaiv tseg ntxiv los hloov (lwm tus pejxeem txiav txim) yog haistias lwm tus pejxeem txiav txim raug mob lossis tuaj tsis tau. JURY - A body of persons temporarily selected from the citizens of a particular district sworn to listen to the evidence in a trial and declare a verdict on matters of fact. -Ib pawg neeg raug xaiv ib nyuag ntu los ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau ntawm ib lub nroog tsa tes lees los mus mloog cov povthawj nyob rau ib rooj plaub hais muaj yeej muaj swb thiab los txiav txim rau rooj plaubntug.. JURY BOX = PEJXEEM TXIAV TXIM CHAW ZAUM - The specific place in the courtroom where the jury sits during the trial. -Qhov chaw npaj tseg hauv chav hais plaub uas cov pejxeem txiav txim plaubntug zaum thaum hais rooj plaub muaj yeej muaj swb. JURY COMMISSIONER - The court officer responsible for choosing the panel of persons to serve as potential jurors for a particular court term. -Tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub uas yog tus nrhiav thiab xaiv neeg tuaj ua cov pejxeem txiav txim rau ib lub sijhawm hauv tsev hais plaub. JURY FOREMAN - The juror who chairs the jury during deliberations and speaks for the jury in court when announcing the verdict. -Tus pejxeem txiav txim uas sawvcev coj pawg pejxeem txiav txim rau lub sijhawm uas los mus sib hais ncig txog nrooj plaub thiab sawvcev hais lus rau lawv nyob rau hauv tsev hais plaub thaum uas los tshaj tawm qhov kev txiav txim. JURY TRIAL = ROOJ PLAUB LOJ HAIS MUAJ YEEJ MUAJ SWB - Trial in which a jury decides issues of fact as opposed to trial only before a judge. -Rooj plaub hais muaj yeej muaj swb uas cov pejxeem txiav txim ntsuam xyuas cov ntsiab lus muaj tseeb, piv rau ib rooj plaub uas hais muaj yeej muab swb rau tus kws txiav txim mloog xwb. JURY, HUNG - A jury which is unable to agree on a verdict after a suitable period of deliberation. -Cov pejxeem txiav txim hais tsis haumxeeb (txiav txim tsis tau) rau ib rooj plaub (txhaum los tsis txhaum) tom qab lawv mus ntsuam xyuas sijhawm txaus. JUSTICIABLE – Issues and claims capable of being properly examined in court. -Teebmeem thiab lus sibfoob uas tsim nyog muab tshawb xyuas hauv tsev hais plaub. JUVENILE = TUS MENYUAM TSIS TAU MUAJ HNUB NYOOG - A young person who has not yet attained the age at which he or she should be treated as an adult for purposes of criminal law and other legal matters. -Ib tug neeg hluas uas tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog uas yuav muab nws thwm uas ib tug neeg laus rau txoj kev txhaum cai loj thiab lwm yam kev hais plaubntug. JUVENILE COURT = TSEV HAIS PLAUB RAU COV MENYUAM TSIS TAU HNUB NYOOG- A court having jurisdiction over cases involving children under a specified age, usually 18. Cases generally involve delinquent, dependent, and neglected children. -Lub tsev hais plaub muaj txojcai saibxyuas cov plaubntug hais txog menyuam yaus muaj hnub nyoog me, feem ntau tsis tau muaj 18 xyoo. Cov plaubntug feem ntau hais txog menyuam yaus khib dwb tsis mloog lus, thiab cov menyuam tsis muaj neeg saibxyuas. JUVENILE HALL = LUB TSEV KAW COV MENYUAM TSIS TAU MUAJ HNUB NYOOG -The facility where juvenile offenders are held in custody. -Lub tsev kaw cov menyuam raug txim tsis tau muaj 18 xyoo. JUVENILE WAIVER - A procedure by which a charge(s) against a minor is transferred from a juvenile to circuit court. -Ib kauj ruam uas muab tus menyuam tsis tau muaj 18 xyoo cov txim txhaum pauv ntawd lub tsev hais plaub menyuam yaus mus rau lub tsev hais plaub laus. K KIDNAPPING – NYIAG TIBNEEG- The taking or detaining of a person against his or her will and without lawful authority. -Nyiag lossis quab yuam ib tug neeg uas nws tsis yeem thiab tsis tau cai los ntawm leej twg. KNOWINGLY = YEEJ PAUB ZOO - With knowledge, willfully or intentionally with respect to a material element of an offense. -Yeej paub zoo, yeej txaus siab ua, losyog txhob txwm ua kom txhaum yam uas nws twb yeej paub tias txhaum txojcai. |