Hiv testing and counselling for women attending child health clinics: An opportunity for entry to prevent mother-to-child transmission and hiv treatment. Author
|
|  Yüklə 5.84 Mb.
|
Design: A 12 month, prospective study of 210 female sex workers. Methods: We interviewed participants about their sexual behaviour every 2 months for a total of seven times and introduced female condoms after the third interview. We also collected cost data and calculated the cost and cost effectiveness of adding the female condom component to the existing programme. Results: Introduction of the female condom in an HIV/AIDS prevention project targeting sex workers led to small, but significant, increases in consistent condom use with all sexual partners. However, there was a high degree of substitution of the female condom for male condoms. The cost per additional consistent condom user at a programme level is estimated to be 2160 dollars (1169 pounds sterling, 1711 euros) (95% CI: 1338 to 11 179). Conclusions: The female condom has some potential for reducing unprotected sex among sex workers. However, given its high cost, and the marginal improvements seen here, governments should limit promotion of the female condom in populations that are already successfully using the male condom. More research is needed to identify effective methods of encouraging sex workers to practise safer sex with their boyfriends Men who have sex with men and their HIV epidemics in Africa [editorial]. Source: AIDS. 2007 Jun; 21(10):1361-1362. Abstract: In this issue of the Journal, Geibel et al. report a capture-recapture study to estimate the number of men who have sex with men (MSM) who sell sex in Mombasa, Kenya. The authors surveyed 77 venues and estimated the number of MSM selling sex at these venues to be 739. Like almost any other capture-recapture study, this estimate is subject to a number of methodological limitations (captures may not have been totally random and independent, relatively high refusal rates, etc.), which affect its accuracy and precision. Be this as it may, the importance of this study does not so much pertain to the accuracy of the estimate, but more to the fact that the investigators were able to identify and enroll hundreds of MSM selling sex in the African country of Kenya. This number also indicates that there must be a fairly large population of male clients willing to pay for the sexual services of these MSM, as well as a larger community of other MSM, since most MSM do not sell sex. Indeed, an earlier snowball-survey conducted in Nairobi in 2004 enrolled 500 MSM in a needs-assessment within 2 months. (excerpt The Spiritual Economy of Sexuality and Development in Africa Source: Kamaara E., Department of Religion, Moi University, Eldoret - Kenya Abstract: Background information: HIV/AIDS is the single major threat to human life and to economic development in Africa; the medical and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS are immense and complex. The response to stop and control HIV/AIDS has yielded many useful strategies and yet many mistakes and missed opportunities. Among the later is the continued association of HIV/AIDS with medical departments than with all departments. Of specific concern to the proposed study is the continued reluctance to associate HIV/AIDS control with factors of religion and spirituality. While positive living has been identified and prescribed for PLWHAs little research has been done to explain this in the context of religion and spirituality. Moreover no research has been done to empirically investigate the actual impact of religion and spirituality on healing and health for PLWHAs and consequently, on economics. This paper is part of a bigger project towards addressing this knowledge gap. Goal and objectives: The goal of the proposed paper is to illustrate the need to integrate religion and spirituality into HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment for reduced health expenditure. The specific objectives include:
Methodology: Basically, qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis will be used to collect data necessary for the development of a Reshem+. After an empirical measure is produced the relationship between spiritual healing and health and economic development will theoretically be propounded. Expected Findings: The expected findings of the research are: Religion and spirituality is empirically related to Sexual healing and health for people living HIV/AIDS Religio-spiritual health and Sexual healing is positively related to economic development
These findings will indicate one basic conclusion/lesson: the need to develop religio spiritual therapy for reduced health expenditure. Keywords: RELIGION | SPIRITUALITY | SEXUALITY | HEALTH | ECONOMICS ABCs for HIV prevention in Kenya: messages, beliefs, and barriers. Research summary. Author: Pulerwitz J; Lillie T; Apicella L; McCauley A; Nelson T Source: Research Summary;USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID Abstract: A great deal of attention has been focused recently on the promotion of the "ABCs" of HIV prevention--being abstinent or delaying sex, remaining faithful to one sexual partner or reducing the number of sexual partners, and consistently using condoms during sex. Yet even as programs that focus on the ABCs to prevent sexual HIV transmission are rolled out, questions remain about how well different groups in varied cultural contexts actually understand the terms, as well as how best to address challenges to adopting the ABC behaviors. The Horizons Program and FHI/IMPACT developed a collaborative research study in 2004 to explore how adults and youth in Kenya define and perceive the ABC terms and behaviors. Additional objectives of the study were to identify attitudes and norms around the ABC behaviors that influence perceptions of them, and the role of important actors in transmitting messages about them. Findings highlight potential challenges in promoting each of the ABC behaviors, as well as some positive elements that can be built upon when developing programs. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV PREVENTION | BELIEFS | ABSTINENCE, BE FAITHFUL, CONDOM USE | ATTITUDE | PERCEPTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | YOUTH | HIV INFECTIONS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | CULTURE | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Document Number: 307295 Comparison of HIV prevalence estimates from antenatal care surveillance and population-based surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Montana LS; Mishra V; Hong R Abstract: Objective: To compare HIV seroprevalence estimates obtained from antenatal care (ANC) sentinel surveillance surveys in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda with those from population-based demographic and health surveys (DHS) and AIDS indicator surveys (AIS). Methods: Geographical information system methods were used to map ANC surveillance sites and DHS/AIS survey clusters within a 15-km radius of the ANC sites. National DHS/AIS HIV prevalence estimates for women and men were compared with national prevalence estimates from ANC surveillance. DHS/AIS HIV prevalence estimates for women and men residing within 15 km of ANC sites were compared with those from ANC surveillance. For women, these comparisons were also stratified by current pregnancy status, experience of recent childbirth and receiving ANC for the last birth. Results: In four of the five countries, national DHS/AIS estimates of HIV prevalence were lower than the ANC surveillance estimates. Comparing women and men in the catchment areas of the ANC sites, the DHS/AIS estimates were similar to ANC surveillance estimates. DHS/AIS estimates for men residing in the catchment areas of ANC sites were much lower than ANC surveillance estimates for women in all cases. ANC estimates were higher for younger women than DHS/AIS estimates for women in ANC catchment areas, but lower at older ages. In all cases, urban prevalence was higher than rural prevalence but there were no consistent patterns by education. Conclusions: ANC surveillance surveys tend to overestimate HIV prevalence compared to prevalence among women in the general population in DHS/AIS surveys. However, the ANC and DHS/AIS estimates are similar when restricted to women and men, or to women only, residing in catchment areas of ANC sites. Patterns by age and urban/rural residence suggest possible bias in the ANC estimates. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | KENYA | MALAWI | TANZANIA | UGANDA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | DATA COLLECTION | ANTENATAL CARE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | ESTIMATION TECHNICS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, EASTERN | AFRICA | AFRICA, SOUTHERN | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | MEASUREMENT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Document Number: 328281 |