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Visits Florence regularly from 1504 - 1508 at the age of 21. Probably influenced by seeing the works of Michelangelo and Leonardo.

  • Called to Rome by Pope Julius II (1508). By the age of 26, Raphael was the lead artist in painting the papal apartments in the Vatican.

  • More like a prince than a painter”




    • Gracious, affable (friendly), charming

    • Prolific (productive, produced a number of paintings)

    • Versatile – skilled in a wide range of techniques, even dabbled in architecture

    • Virtuoso – highly skilled painter who combined elements of the work of Leonardo and Michelangelo to create his own unique style

    • Renowned ladies man


    B. Madonnas – portraits of Virgin Mary and Baby Jesus


    1. Raphael is considered the supreme master of Madonnas. No other artist has been able to explore so intensely and to render with such sensitivity the tender and delicate relationship between a child and mother. Let’s look at four of Raphael’s Madonnas.




    1. Madonna of the Granducca

    • Owned by the Grand Duke Ferdinand II – so attached to it that he carried it with him when he travelled

    • Colors and background

    • Note the trademark eyelids




    1. Madonna of the Chair

    • Tondo – a circular painting

    • Note the gentle, touching of the heads of Mary and Christ

    • What if Jesus stood up?

    • Captures the essence of maternal love

    • Is she pretty? Remember what Michelangelo thought: Her inner holiness made her eternally beautiful




    1. Madonna of the Meadow

    • Raphael includes a landscape

    • Note the graceful positioning of Mary, Christ, and John the Baptist (doesn’t it have similarities to Leonardo)

    • A balanced composition




    1. An Amazing Madonna – Sistine Madonna




    • Mary

    • What beauty, innocence, and sadness in that heavenly countenance, what humility and suffering in those eyes. Among the ancient Greeks the powers of the divine were expressed in the marvelous Venus de Milo; the Italians, however, brought forth the true Mother of God – the Sistine Madonna.” Dostoyevsky

    • Who is Mary?

    • La Donna Velata or The Woman with a Sleeve

    • La Fornarina

    • The love of Raphael’s life

    • Note the band on her arm – “Raphael Urbinas”

    • Two famous angels

    • Ghostly angels in the background

    • St. Sixtus, who was martyred in 258 CE

    • Note the papal tiara

    • Also note the acorns

    • St. Barbara – patron saint of victories




    1. Which Raphael Madonna is your favorite?



    C. School of Athens


    1. One of 4 paintings to decorate the Stanza della Segnatura (the papal library) in the Vatican. Commissioned by Julius II. The four themes are: philosophy, theology, poetry, and law.




    1. The themes suggest that Pope Julius II is a cultured and educated man both in humanism and in Christian doctrine.




    1. Who’s who?




    • Plato (but really ______________________!) with hand and finger pointed upward. Plato represents abstract and theoretical philosophy. He holds his a copy of the Timaeus, his book, in his hand.




    • Aristotle – with hand extended outward toward his immediate surroundings. He represents natural and EMPIRICAL (based on facts) philosophy. He holds his Nichomachean Ethics in his hand.




    • Diogenes (412 – 323 BCE) a CYNIC who distrusted human nature, hated worldly possessions and lived in a barrel. This earned him his nickname meaning “the dog.”




    • Heraclitus (535 – 475 BCE) – a melancholy philosopher who regularly wept tears for human folly. But wait! The figure is wearing the clothes of a stone mason! And I think we have seen this pose before. But where?




    • Euclid – Third century BCE Greek mathematician is EXPOUNDING (explaining in detail) one of his geometric principles. Euclid is a portrait of the famed architect Bramante.




    • Raphael and Perugino – On the right hand side, Raphael with his teacher Perugino (Remember his Delivery of the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter)




    • Ptolemy and Zoroaster – Ptolemy was a 2nd century astronomer who thought Earth was the center of the universe. Zoroaster was a Persian prophet




    • Pythagoras – On the left, the renowned Greek mathematician no doubt EXPOUNDING (explaining) on the ____________________________________.




    • Epicurus – A Greek philosopher depicted with a crown of grape leaves. Epicurus taught that happiness lay in the pursuit of pleasure. In short, he was a HEDONIST.




    • Alexander the Great listens to Socrates – Socrates emphasizes individual points with his fingers. Questioning and analysis are at the heart of Socratic philosophy.




    • Apollo and Athena – painted in GRISAILLE to simulate sculpture, the patron god of the arts and wisdom, approve of the gathering of these great minds




    1. Perspective and Architecture




    • Where is the vanishing point?




    • What vault extends in the distance?




    • This reminds me (at least a little) of Masaccio’s Holy Trinity (remember the “hole in the wall”)




    • Architecture resembles Roman architecture and probably was influenced by the construction of New Saint Peter’s, which was based on Bramante’s design.




    1. Great Renaissance Themes




    • Balance and Harmony – Plato (abstract world of ideas) balanced by Aristotle (concrete world of empirical facts)




    • Symmetrical and balanced composition




    • Illusion of a three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface, unifies linear perspective, chiaroscuro, and classical interest in the human form




    • Balancing of paganism (Apollo and Athena, and Greek philosophers) with Christianity (School of Athens which is about philosophy is across from the wall with theology)




    • Renaissance individualism – elevating the status of artists (portraits of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, and Perugino)


    D. Miscellaneous Masterpieces


    1. Raphael was a skilled and versatile master. Let’s look at several of his most famous paintings.




    1. Portrait of Julius II




      • Note the acorns on the papal throne

      • Also, note the rings on Julius’ fingers

      • Notice the keys on the wall (symbolic of papal power)

      • First known independent portrait of a pope




    1. Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione




    • Renowned author of the Book of the Courtier, a guide on how to be a Renaissance man

    • Frequently away from home. He wanted the painting so that his wife and son would remember him while he was away

    • Waist up, three-quarters pose – influence of Mona Lisa

    • Raphael blends attention to his physical qualities with psychological insight. What does this portrait say about his personality?




    1. Galatea




    • Commissioned by Agostino Chigi, an immensely wealthy banker who managed the papal state’s financial affairs

    • The story – a pagan theme

    • Polyphemus, a fierce, one-eyed giant falls madly in love with Galatea

    • Galatea tries to flee but will she escape?

    • Galatea’s companions are all sons and daughters of sea gods. The females are called nereids and the males are called tritons

    • The composition – Use of circles, use of color, all lines point to Galatea

    • Raphael asked for extra payment. When Chigi’s accountants protested, Raphael brought in Michelangelo to inspect his work. Michelangelo told the accountants that he would have charged much more than Raphael was asking – 100 scudi a head!




    1. Transfiguration




    • Transfiguration – Remember the Byzantine mosaic from Saint Catherine’s monastery at Mount Sinai

    • Jesus, James, Peter, and John climb Mt. Tabor

    • There Jesus is transformed. His clothes glowed the whitest of whites and his face became radiant. Jesus was joined by Moses and Elijah. A voice came out of a bright cloud that surround them and said: “This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased; listen to him.” Stunned the three apostles fell face down.

    • Curing a boy filled with evil spirits

    • Meanwhile, the apostles below cannot cure a boy who is filled with evil spirits

    • Jesus returns saying that “All things are possible to him that believeth.” With that, he sent the devil out of the child.




    • This is recognized as Raphael’s last painting before his death. He did not get to finish it and one of his students finished it (painting the lower half of the painting).




    1. A Sad Farewell to Raphael




      1. Raphael and Maria




    • Raphael was engaged to a young woman named Maria

    • Maria was the niece of Bernardo Dovizi da Bibbiena, a powerful cardinal who was the subject of one of Raphael’s portraits.

    • But vows were never exchanged. Why? Because Raphael kept postponing the wedding!

    • It has been said that constant postponement of her wedding caused Maria to die of a broken heart.




      1. Raphael and La Fornarina




    • Many believe that Raphael’s true love was Margherita, the baker’s daughter (La Fornarina).

    • Recent X-ray analysis of Raphael’s 1518 portrait of her has revealed a square-cut ruby ring on the fourth finger of her left hand, suggesting that the real reason why Raphael kept postponing his wedding to Maria was because he was already married to La Fornarina!

    • The ring remained unseen for almost 500 years, having been painted over by one of Raphael’s assistants, in order to avoid a scandal after his death.




      1. A Sad Death




    • Struck down by sickness in 1520. Like Shakespeare, Raphael died on his birthday. He was just 37 years old.

    • The papal court plunged into “the utmost and most universal grief.”

    • Raphael is buried in the Pantheon.




      1. What ever happened to …




    • His frustrated fiancé Maria – She and Raphael are buried side-by-side in the Pantheon.




    • His true love La Fornarina – Raphael left her a generous inheritance. She entered a convent keeping the secrets of their relationship with her to the end.



    1. Venetian Renaissance Painting


    A. Venice


      1. Queen of the Adriatic Sea

      2. Wealthy merchants willing to commission innovative paintings

      3. Cosmopolitan and vibrant

      4. A powerful city-state


    B. Venetian Masters

    1. Giovanni Bellini (1430 – 1516)

    2. Giorgione (1478 – 1510)

    3. Titian (1490 – 1576)
    C. Characteristics of Venetian painting


    1. Used oil painting which gave Venetian paintings more vibrant colors and luminous paintings

    2. Venetian painters focused more on the application of paint then the design preparation based on preliminary drawing.

    3. Venetian painters painted more sensuous themes rather than lofty religious and intellectual themes


    D. Giovanni Bellini


        1. Seen as a major pioneer of oil painting in Venice – Italian artists most likely learned of oil painting through contact with Flemish painters who visited Italy.




        1. Born into a family of painters, he was largely responsible for transforming Venice from an artistically provincial city into a major center of the Renaissance.




        1. Had a major workshop in Venice




        1. San Zaccaria Altarpiece




          • Virgin Mary sits enthroned holding the Christ child

          • Symmetrically arranged saints on either side

          • Saints engage in a sacra conversazione – saints from different time periods gathered together




        1. Feast of the Gods




    • Commissioned by Alfonso d’ Este for a room in his palace




    • The beautiful nymph Lotis, shown reclining at the far right, was lulled to sleep by wine




    • Priapus, god of masculine virility, is trying to take advantage of Lotis, but the braying of a donkey wakes her up and she pushes him away to the amusement of all the gods present.




    • A who’s who of Roman gods gathering together at the feast – Let’s take a look.




    • Bellini did not finish the painting. The surrounding trees and sky is attributed to Titian.




    • Notice the vibrant colors and the sensuous theme


    E. Giorgione


    1. A brief but influential career




    1. Only about half a dozen known works




    1. Giorgione is recognized as an artistic genius. He worked for private patrons who were wealthy and sophisticated.




    1. Giorgione’s works are both mysterious and influential. His sudden death at age 32 deprived the Renaissance of one of its great masters.




    1. Pastoral Symphony




      • Enigmatic theme

      • Two nude females, accompanied by two clothed young men occupy the rich, abundant landscape through which a shepherd passes

      • One of the men appears cultured and refined while the other seems more course by the manner of his dress

      • One of the nude women pours water from a clear glass pitcher into a sarcophagus

      • Perhaps the two women may serve as muses for the young men

      • Giorgione praised the beauty of nature, music, and women

      • Rich colors and sensuous imagery

      • Turn to Gardner’s 896. What do you see? What is its significance?




    1. Tempest




    • Small painting – 32 inches by 28 inches

    • One of the most discussed paintings in Western Art

    • What are we looking at?

    • A threatening sky with a bolt of lightening. The lightening often a symbol of the wrath of God, may well be a clue to any lost meaning

    • A strangely deserted town. The sole occupant of the town is a white stork that is perched on the rooftop. It seems oblivious to the approaching storm. The stork is a Christian symbol of purity and vigilance. And don’t forget the destroyer of snakes.

    • A young man. Often described as a soldier or shepherd. But, he carries no weapon and there are no sheep. Is he standing guard? He is carrying a pilgrim’s staff. So where is he going? And note, he is looking at the woman and child across the small stream.

    • A broken pillar

    • Woman and child. The woman has a white cloth draped over her shoulders. She is staring at us.




    • What’s the meaning?




    • The painting possibly depicts Adam and Eve after the Fall. Their fate is decreed by God, whose voice is represented by the lightening bolt. God has decreed that man shall till the ground from which he was taken and that woman shall bring forth children in sorrow. Adam, dressed in Venetian costume, is seen resting from his labors. Eve, whose draped nudity signifies shame nurses Cain, her firstborn son. In the distance is abridge over the river surrounding the city of the earthly paradise, from which they have been expelled. Barely visible near the rock at rivers’ edge is a snake, signifying the Temptation. The broken column stands for death, the ultimate punishment for original sin.




    • Importance: A puzzling and ambiguous painting




    • The painting is exceptional in its time for being primarily a landscape painting.




    1. Sleeping Venus




    • An image of exceptional originality – There are no known classical precedents for this type of representation of female nudity

    • One of the earliest RECUMBENT NUDES – a nude figure laying down – Becomes a major way of representing the female nude in the future

    • A sleeping goddess – Giorgione shows Venus asleep under a rock, her eyes closed and unaware that she is being observed. Giorgione thus encouraged the male patron and his friends to observe her beauty without embarrassment

    • Standards of beauty for the Renaissance differ from current standards of beauty

    • Lost Cupid – Modern X-rays reveal that Giorgione originally included a figure of Cupid on the right-hand side of the picture. At some point, he changed his mind and the figure was painted out.

    • Titian finished the painting.




    1. Titian (Tiziano Vecello)




      1. A long life and illustrious career




    • Born of humble origin

    • Trained with Bellini and Giorgione

    • Deaths of Giorgione (1510), Leonardo (1519), and Raphael (1520) left a huge void. Titian was able to fill the void.

    • Prolific and talented

    • Wealthy and famous




      1. Altarpieces




    • Assumption of the Virgin (1518)

    • The story comes from the APOCRYPHA – third and fourth century scriptures about biblical figures but not officially part of the Holy Bible

    • Two days after her death, Mary arose from her grave where the Apostles were holding vigil. Mary was then carried up to heaven by angels.

    • Patrons of the painting – monks from the Venetian church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari

    • This was the largest altarpiece ever painted in Venice (22 feet tall) and was intended to be visible from a distance of 300 feet!

    • Titian was 28 years old when he painted it. It did wonders for his reputation as a painter

    • Notice the richness of the colors created by the use of oil paint.

    • Notice how Titian captures the reaction of the apostles

    • Notice how Titian created three realms: earth, sky, and heaven

    • Mary is being borne to heaven by angels, unlike Christ who ascended to heaven on his own. She is surrounded by a rich golden light which emphasizes the spiritual atmosphere of heaven and recalls Byzantine art.

    • An elderly God awaits her while an angel near Him holds a crown as a reward for Mary’s holiness

    • Titian used a red color triangle to direct the viewers attention from the Apostles to Mary

    • Titian signed the work on a stone at the bottom of the painting



    • Madonna of the Pesaro Family

    • Another large altarpiece – 16 feet by 9 feet – painted with oil paint

    • Bishop Jacopo Pesaro – commander of the Papal fleet led a successful expedition against the Turks in the Venetian-Turkish war. He is shown kneeling and is the donor of the piece.

    • A soldier

    • A captured Turk

    • Saint Peter – note the key

    • Mary and Jesus

    • Saint Francis – note the stigmata on his hand
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