Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country
|
|  Yüklə 282.5 Kb.
|
Odonata (dragonflies, mayflies)[large rounded heads, elongated abdomens, two pairs of horizontal wings that move independently; larvae are aquatic so adults tend to be near water] Odonata (dragon- and damselflies) vs. Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae (antlions): adult Odonata are generally diurnal, have no easily visible antennae, have two roughly parallel sets of wings, and hold the wings away from the body at rest; adult antlions are mainly crepuscular or nocturnal, have prominent antennae, have the attachment points of the two sets of wings rather close with the rear wings angled sharply backwards, and hold the wings folded flat over the abdomen or held tentlike over the body comment (JH): montane Songhay and northern Dogon do not usually have terms for Odonata (even as a class); by contrast, they do recognize adult antlions suborder Anisoptera (or Epiprocta) (dragonflies)[robust body, strong fliers; back wing broadens near the base unlike front wing; eyes usually touch; at rest, wings held horizontally or somewhat downward or forward] dragonfly 60258 adults not usually distinguished by Dogon from adult ant-lions suborder Zygoptera (damselflies)[less robust, weak fliers; back wing has same shape as front wing; eyes are usually separated; at rest, wings usually held folded together above abdomen] Orthoptera (grassnhoppers, katydids, crickets)subordeers: Ensifera (antennae at least as long as body, except mole crickets) Caelifera (grasshoppers) (antennae shorter than body) suborder Ensifera (crickets, katydids)comments (JH): Northern Dogon languages each have a general word for ‘house cricket’. This term may also include some small local spp. of house cockroaches (not the same as the large American and European cockroaches now found in enclosed toilets in the towns. Color adjectives are used to distinguish species. Nanga speakers know two tettigoniids: a) a very broad-winged katydid, and b) Conocephalus. subclassification: Grylloidea Gryllidae (crickets) Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets, in soil, 2-5 cm long) Tettigonioidea Tettigoniidae (katydids, bush crickets) Gryllidae website: key to subfamilies: http://buzz.ifas.ufl.edu/k340k1.htm Gryllinae (mostly field crickets, but some enter houses; brown or black; spines on hind tibia are stout) Gryllus
Gryllus bimaculatus (cf.), African field cricket 60340 records: Africa and Europe notes: large, black, has two spots at base of wings; the large black cricket in northern Dogon country may be this sp. ethnozoology: used internationally as food for spiders etc. Acheta Acheta domesticus (or: domestica) records: international, origin probably West Africa notes: common house cricket, light-colored (reddish), smaller than Gryllus Teleogryllus Teleogryllus spp. notes: long black field crickets records: East Africa) unidentified small dark brown cricket 60342 specmns 2006_019, 2005_062 small sand-colored cricket 60341 specmn 2005_061
Conocephalus sp. (narrow wings) records: Anda (JH) specmn 2004_003 broad-winged katydid sp. in trees 60410 records: Anda (JH) specmn 2006_021
suborder Caelifera (grasshoppers)comments (JH): Individual northern Dogon persons can often distinguish by name 12-15 species (some terms cover two or more similar spp.). Certain species are eaten by children after roasting. Each grasshopper has its own pattern of hopping, springing, or flying, and they behave differently when caught and held in the hand. Certain species are crop pests (especially millet). The species most widely known and named among northern Dogon and montane Songhay are: Chrotogonus senegalensis, Acrida group bicolor, Sherifuria haningtoni, Acorypha glaucopsis, Diabolocatantops axillaris, Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon, Kraussaria angulifera, Cataloipus cymbiferus, Kraussella amabile, Hieroglyphus daganensis, Oedaleus senegalensis, and Scintharista notabilis. references on grasshoppers: Davey, J. T. , M. Descamps, & R. Demange. 1959. "notes on the Acrididae of the French Sudan with special reference to the Central Niger Delta." Bull. de l'Inst. Franç. d'Afr. Noire 21(1):60-112 (part 1), 21(2):565-600 (part 2). Deschamps, M. 1965. "Acridoïdes du Mali, Régions de San de Sikasso." Bull. de l'Inst. Franç. d'Afr. Noire 27(3):922-62. Lecoq, M. 1988. Les criquets du Sahel. Montpellier: CIRAD/PRIFAS. [photos of 43 spp. with brief descriptions] Launois-Luong, M.H. and M. Lecoq. 1989. Vade-mecum des criquets du Sahel. Montpellier: CIRAD/PRIFAS. [companion volume to Lecoq 1988, with photographs of additional species, and with ecological information about all species covered in either of the two volumes] Mestre, Jacques. 1988. Les acridiens des formations herbeuses d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Montpellier: CIRAD/PRIFAS. [key, descriptions, and drawings of all West African grasshopper spp.] references: Roy, R. 1960. "Importance écoogique des Orthoptères dans l'Ouest africain." Bull. de l'Inst. Franç. d'Afr. Noire 22(1)198-206. Roy classifies by zone: Saharan: grasshoppers: none; mantises: Eremiaphila monodi Sahelian: grasshoppers: Truxalis, Ochrilidiea, Acrotylus, Oedaleus, Thisoicetrus, Acorypha, Caloptenopsis; mantises: Sphodroromantis viridis, Blepharopsis mendica; cockroaches: Acheta chudeaui Soudanian: grasshoppers: Acrida, Catantops, Ornithacris, Acanthacris, etc.; Tettigonidae: Conocephalus maculatus, Homorocoryphus fuscopunctatus, Phaneroptera nana; cockroaches: Acheta, Brachytrypes, Pteronemobius, Trigonidium, Euscyrtus, Oecanthus, etc.
Females are usually larger and longer than males. Side photographs of males should show genitalia, which is occasionally useful in identification. Many grasshoppers are seasonal, becoming dormant during the latter part of the dry season (e.g. January to May) and then reviving with the rains. Those that are active year-round are so indicated below. The best time to collect mature adult specimens depends on the species, generally either the latter part of the rainy season (September) or in the first months of the dry season (October-December).
Pyrgomorphidae Acridoidea Acrididae Acridinae Calliptaminae Catantopinae Cyrtacanthacridinae Eyprepocnemidinae Gomphocerinae Hemiacridinae Oedipodinae Oxyinae Tropidopolinae Catantopidae (s.t. recognized as a family, with subfamilies Catantopinae and Cyrtacanthacridinae) partial keys based on striking color features a. underside with two rows of black dots: Chrotogonus, Trilophidia repleta b. inner wings deep red (conspicuous in flight): Pyrgomorpha vignaudi, Scintharista violet-purple: Nomadacris (color faint in some individuals) black/brown crescent with no other conspicuous color: Anacridium spp. (crescent faint for A. melanorhodon), Pseudosphingonotus, Eurysternacris, Oedaleus black/brown crescent over red base: Acrotylus patruelis, Scintharista black/brown crescent over yellow base: Humbe, Gastrimargus, Morphacris, Oedaleus (some individuals, yellow faint) c. inner face of femurs (hind legs) black and white: large black area between upper and lower ridges but white at knee: Oxycatantops , Trilophidia, Scintharista black area in basal half between upper and lower ridges, upper half white except for one black mark one-third way from knee: Locusta, Morphacris black, plus yellow shading to and red/orange: Diabolocatantops (alternating black and yellow areas, shading to red along lower ridge) yellow shading to red/orange with 3 small black spots at or near upper ridge: Harpezocatantops, Catantops, Cryptocatantops yellow shading to red/orange with 2 large black spots extending over upper ridge onto center of face: Aiolopus spp. yellow shading to red/orange: Aiolopus spp. (some individuals) deep yellow with small black marks above upper ridge: Acorypha clara faint yellow: Oedaleus, Kraussella yellow, with one black mark one-third down from knee: Pseudosphingonotus, Eurysternacris (black mark subtle) deep red bordered by yellow, with 3 black spots above upper ridge: Acorypha glaucopsis blue: Humbe
Atractomorpha acutipennis gerstaeckeri records: none (JH) notes female to 4 cm; green, body elongated, head pointed; some resemblance to Acrida bicolor but body and femur more stout; year-round. Chrotogonus senegalensis 60405 records: common and generally well-known in northern Dogon country notes: female to 2.5 cm; present year-round; small, hopping “toad grasshopper”, brown to grey; distinctive black spots in two rows on undersides; year-round. Poekilocerus bufonius hieroglyphicus 60406 records: scattered but well-known in Dogon country notes: unmistakable sp., yellow-orange with blue-violet or blackish spots; inhabits the shrub Calotropis procera, and is universally known to northern Dogon as “Calotropis grasshopper”; year-round but not very active November-May. Pyrgomorpha group cognata 60407 records: small and inconspicuous but widespread notes: group of closely related species (examination of male genitalia required to separate them); present year-round, fairly common but often disregarded by natives; females to 3.2 cm; small green or brown grasshoppers with somewhat pointed heads; outer wings extend well beyond abdomen; inner wings only faintly colored; year-round. Pyrgomorpha vignaudii 60408 records: present in Dogon country but appears to be less common than P. group cognata notes: female to 3.7 cm; present year-round; resembles P. group cognata, but inner wings red-orange (clearly visible in flight), outer wings stop short of end of abdomen or extend at most slightly beyond it; year-round. Zonocerus variegatus 60409 records: not known to northern or central Dogon (might occur in extreme southern Dogon zone) notes: unmistakable sp. with red, yellow, and black markings (is definitely noticed by natives everywhere in its range).
Acrida group bicolor 60360 records: common and well-known in Dogon country notes: a group of closely related species (A. bicolor, A. turrita, A. suphuripennis, A. confusa) that are not distinguished by Dogon; females to 10 cm; vaguely resembles a mantis; long and very thin body, long pointed (conical) head, very thin hind legs (femur barely wider at base than at knee), coloration uniform green to light brown with some whitish lines across sides, long ensiform antenna (thickest near base then tapering); year-round. Duronia chloronota 60361 records: none (JH) notes: grain-eating, in grasses; female to 5 cm; head somewhat pointed (conical) but blunter than for Sherifuria, body entirely brown, or brown on sides and green on top of back; antennae only slightly wider near base; outer wings extend well beyond end of abdomen (contrast Orthoctha); year-round. Orthoctha venosa records: none (JH) 60362 notes: grain-eating; female to 6.2 cm; head slightly pointed (cylindrical); abdomen long and thick; outer wings do not (or barely do) reach end of abdomen; overall coloration straw-yellow or brown, with black bands from top of eyes across pronotum just under its upper ridges to bases of outer wings; tibia red Sherifuria haningtoni 60363 records: fairly common in northern Dogon country (rocky areas) and known to many Dogon notes: grain-eating, in grasses; females to 4.2 cm; head quite pointed (conical) but not quite so much as Acrida, antenna ensiform (thickest near base then tapering); body and femurs light tan, with thick brown bands from eyes across to bases of outer wings, outer wings narrow but extend beyond end of abdomen, inner wings uncolored. Zacompsa festa 60364 records: rare in Dogon country, but known at Tabi mountain (JH) notes: grain-eating; female to 3.2 cm; head slightly pointed (conical); thick black band from base of antenna across eyes and sides of pronotum and the upper part of the outer wings; remainder of body and most of outside femur yellowish-white; black knees, tibia with a white ring near base surrounded by black. Calliptaminae (compact body, very robust femurs, hence strong jumpers, hard to hold on to; inner wings without clear coloration) Acorypha spp. Acorypha clara 60365 records: Anda, Dogon plateau (JH) notes: female to 4.2 cm; general coloration lighter than A. glaucopsis; inner femur and tibia yellow. Acorypha glaucopsis 60366 records: common in northern Dogon country (JH) notes: female to 4.2 cm; general coloration dark brown; inner femur and lower tibia mostly red with three black marks on top of femur ethnozoology: eaten by Dogon
(inner wings uncolored; generally an oblique white band on each side of metathorax) The focal species is Diabolocatantops; others (Cryptocatantops, Harpezocatantops, Oxycatantops, perhaps Catantops) are usually refered to as “slave of Diabolocatantops” or the like; combo of inner and outer femur images usually sufficient for identification. Catantops stramineus 60368 records: none (JH) notes: female to 3.2 cm; brownish with some grey; large, well-defined black-brown spot on sides of first two segments of pronotum and behind eyes; outer femurs with two dark brown spots in middle reaching upper ridge; inner face of tibia mostly orange, with three smallish black spots above (like Cryptocatantops and Harpezocatantops); tibia orange-red; no black dots on outer femur Cryptocatantops haemorrhoidalis 60369 records: Douentza area, probably widespread in Dogon country (JH) notes: female to 3.1 cm; brown with reddish tint; well-defined dark area on side of prothorax, extending into mesothorax; a ragged black mark in center of external femur; about 4 small black dots from middle to extremity of lower ridge of external femur (cf. Oxycatantops); inner face of tibia mostly orange, with three smallish black spots above (like Catantops and Harpezocatantops); tibia orange-red Diabolocatantops axillaris 60370 records: common in northern Dogon country, fairly important millet pest (JH) notes: female to 5 cm; tan overall with some grey; external tibia greyish with one black mark on upper ridge at center; inner femur has a bright red lower ridge, and large black markings in the middle; no black dots on lower ridge of outer tibia; tibia red esp. near extremity. Harpezocatantops stylifer 60371 records: Douentza area (JH) notes: female to 4 cm; outer femur like Diabolocatantops with one small black spot in upper middle; inner face of tibia mostly orange, with three smallish black spots above (like Cryptocatantops and Catantops); no black dots on lower ridge of outer femur; tibia orange-red Oxycatantops spissus 60633 records: Beni (JH) notes: female to 5 cm; generally brown (specimen seen was reddish from head to base of femur); middle of outside femur may have a large dark spot (our specimen did); at lower ridge of outer femur, a line of about seven small black spots (cf. Cryptocatantops); inner femur mostly black
Acanthacris ruficornis citrina 60372 records: present in the zone (photos recognized by some northern Dogon) but no specimen seen (JH) note: female to 9 cm; arboreal; body shape similar to Kraussaria but larger; general coloration often light tan; conspicuous long and thin dark brown spines on tibia (about 7 per row) Acrodideres strenuus 60373 records: known to some northern Dogon, seen at Beni (JH) notes: female to 5.5 cm; robust grasshopper, locally usually uniform light brown-grey; arboreal (especially Guiera/Combretum) Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon (tree locust) 60374 records: well-known in Dogon country notes: large grasshopper that forms locust swarms in trees in the cold dry season; females to 9.5 cm; brown-grey with lighter areas (orange-ish on our specimen) on pronotum and mesothorax; tubercules present on outer pronotum; antenna black; tibia purplish; outer spines on tibia yellow and red with black apex Anacridium wernerellum 60375 records: none (JH) notes: female to 8.5 cm; resembles A. melanorhodon but inner wing has large brown-black area in basal half, and outer femur has a black line along the lower ridge; tibia greyish Kraussaria angulifera 60376 records: common throughout Dogon country notes: female to 6.3 cm; yellowish-brown overall, pronotum arced convexly at top, pronotum sides with four whitish spots surrounded by brown, also a white zone at bottom of pronotum sides; external femur yellow; tibia spines have yellow base then red with black apex ethnozoology: important crop pest (millet); the most relished among the five or so types of edible grasshopper among northern and central Dogon Nomadacris septemfasciata (criquet nomade) 60377 records: none (JH) notes: forms locust swarms in central but not western Africa; female to 8.5 cm; resembles Ornithacris; inner wing with large violet or purple zone in basal half; spines white with black apex Ornithacris turbida cavroisi 60378 records: Douentza, Tupere (Tabi), known to some Dogon (JH) notes: female to 9.2 cm; light-colored band across sides of pronotum (as for Nomadacris), bordered by a dark brown section above and a purple-brown line below; well-defined whitish oblique line across each mesothorax; inner wing mostly hyaline (uncolored) Orthacanthacris humilicrus 60379 records: individuals seen occasionally at Douentza, but not recognized by northern Dogon notes: inner wing mostly black, outer wing and head spotted Schistocerca gregaria (criquet pèlerin) gregarious (locust) phase 60380 solitary phase 60381 records: widespread but usually inconspicuous in Dogon country notes: female to 9 cm; in 2004 it developed into its gregarious phase (i.e. locust swarm) and destroyed millet harvests (while sparing sorghum) in North Africa and the West African Sahel, in Mali from the far north down to a line south of Douentza but north of Mopti and Bandiagara; in the gregarious phase the subadult larva is reddish and the full-grown adult (imago) is yellow; in its darker (solitary) phrase it is present annually in small numbers but is not distinguished by Dogon from Anacridium melanorhodon.
Cataloipus cymbiferus 60382 records: relatively common and well-known, sometimes called "horse-grasshopper" (JH) notes: large grasshopper (females to 7.2 cm); can feed on millet and other crops but diet mixed; general coloration brown from head to base of femur, lighter thereafter; tibias blue; dark brown line on top of femur is broken into two sections (or absent entirely) Cataloipus fuscocoerulipes 60383 records: none (JH); if present, surely called by the same term as C. cymbiferus notes: associated with somewhat more moist environments; resembles C. cymbiferus but lateral faces of pronotum darker brown; tibias blue; dark brown line on top of femur is unbroken Eyprepocnemis plorans ornatipes 60384 records: none (JH) notes: tibia bluish above, red near extremity Heteracris annulosa 60385 records: fairly common in northern Dogon country (JH) and points north notes: fairly small (females to 4 cm); commonly in bushes and shrubs (e.g. Balanites aegyptiaca, Leptadenia pyrotechnica); attracted to light; general coloration greyish brown with straw-yellow or pale beige bands from eyes across pronotum; distinctive tibia coloration with black spots surrounding a white area in upper half, then red near extremity Heteracris leani 60386 records: Anda (between Douentza and Bandiagara) notes: resembles H. annulosa but much larger (females to 7 cm); dark brown with green bands from eyes across pronotum; tibias like those of H. annulosa but extremity tinted purple rather than red Tylotropidius cf. gracilipes 60387 records: seen at Tupere (Tabi Mountain) and known to local Dogon there (JH) notes: extremely long hind legs; our specimen from Tupere has very small outer wings; it could be T. patagiatus whose adults have wings like this, or a larva of T. gracilipes.
Kraussella amabile 60388 records: well-known to northern Dogon and to montane Songhay (JH) notes: colorful small grasshopper, grain-eating; female to 3.3 cm; yellow to green esp. below eye, outer section of pronotum, and legs, rest of pronotum and head light grey; lateral (and sometimes dorsal) faces of pronotum with black lines in furrows; three small black marks on upper half of outer femur; tibia bluish. ethnozoology: one of the grasshoppers regularly eaten by Dogon Ochrilidia gracilis gracilis: 60389 records: none (JH).
Hieroglyphus daganensis 60390 records: generally well-known to Dogon notes: soft-bodied; prefers tall grasses, a pest especially of rice but also found in millet; female to 6.5 cm; soft body, large head, light green or yellowish with black lines in the furrows of the sides (but not top) of the pronotum and of the mesothorax (black markings mostly absent in larvae). ethnozoology: one of the grasshoppers regularly eaten by Dogon
a. small well-camouflaged ground-dwelling species (rather similar to each other, generally not distinguished from each other by Dogon) Acrotylus Acrotylus patruelis 60392 records: likely present in Dogon zone (JH) notes: ground-dwelling; female to 3.2 cm; middle of pronotum compressed, and depressed as seen from the side; long inner and outer wings; mixed light and dark browns; usually a black mark on middle of upper ridge of femur; distinctive inner-wing coloration (red at base, inside a blackish croissant) Acrotylus blondeli 60391 records: seen in northern Dogon country but not distinguished by Dogon from other minor small ground-dwelling Oedipodinae (Aiolopus, Eurysternacris, Pseudosphingonotus) (JH) notes: ground-dwelling, in sandy soils; female to 3 cm; ground-dwelling; middle of pronotum compressed, and depressed as seen from the side; unusually long and thin front and middle feet; long inner and outer wings; sand-colored with various darker brown markings; inner wing mostly uncolored (hyaline) except for a faint blue tint at base; outer wing with about 4 fairly large dark marks alternating with light areas (more numerous than for Eurysternacris). Aiolopus
Aiolopus simulatrix simulatrix (criquet fouisseur) 60394 records: seen in northern Dogon country (Douentza) but not distinguished by Dogon from other minor small ground-dwelling Oedipodinae (Acrotylus, Eurysternacris, Pseudosphingonotus) (JH) notes: female to 3.7 cm; head fairly blunt; pronotum rounded without ridges, fairly straight top (seen from side); hind legs short, femurs thick at base (cf. Acorypha spp.), and slightly longer than tibias; basic coloration variable; inner femur tinged reddish at lower ridge, with or without two black spots and black knee ring; tibia generally with a white area near base flanked by small grey-blue or black rings, then reddish at extremity; tibia with 9 external and 10 internal spines; outer wings have two dark brown to black spots separated by white; inner wings transparent (hyaline); hides in fissures in clayey soil during dry season. Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus records: none (JH) notes: like A. simulatrix but body more slender, head slightly more pointed, hind legs somewhat longer (tibia about same length as femur), tibia with 10 external and 11 internal spines. Eurysternacris brevipes 60395 records: Tabi mountain, but not distinguished by Dogon from other minor small ground-dwelling Oedipodinae (Aiolopus, Acrotylus, Pseudosphingonotus) (JH) notes: ground-dwelling; female to 3.4 cm; stout body with short thick femurs; middle of pronotum compressed and depressed (like Acrotylus spp.) but metazone (rear section) of pronotum large and conspicuously arc’ed; outer femur with a dark mark just under knee, inner femur yellowish with a small dark mark under knee; inner wing has a blackish crescent across middle, otherwise uncolored; outer wing has two large large dark brown zones separated by a light-colored area just behind base of femur. Pseudosphingonotus canariensis 60635 records: Beni, but not distinguished by Dogon from other minor small ground-dwelling Oedipodinae (Aiolopus, Acrotylus, Pseudosphingonotus) (JH) notes: ground-dwelling; female to 3.5 cm; coloration of inner and outer wing like Eurysternacris (black crescent on inner wing, light-colored band just behind base of femurs separating two large dark areas of outer wing); inner femur also similar to Eurysternacris but has brighter yellow and a larger and darker black mark near knee; tibia blue to blue-grey except at either end; series of black dots all along front and middle legs. Trilophidia Trilophidia conturbata 60401 records: none (JH) notes: females to 2.6 cm; various shades of brown or grey with lighter markings; top of front half of pronotum seen from side has two “teeth”, back half of pronotum somewhat arc’ed; long wings, rather thick femur; inner femur mostly black with some white along upper ridge and just under knee (cf. Scintharista); tibia black except for two white rings Trilophidia repleta records: none (JH) notes: like T. conturbata but has two rows of black dots on underside (cf. Chrotogonus). b. other Oedipodinae (more distinctive spp.) Gastrimargus africanus africanus 60396 records: present and known to local people at Tupere (Tabi) in northern Dogon country (JH) notes: female to 7.2 cm; pronotum humped (not as much as Humbe); resembles Locusta, but inner wings yellow at base, bordered by a dark black crescent (cf. Oedaleus), outer wings with a whitish triangular shaped spot near middle; inner femur mostly blackish-brown (vs. blue for Humbe) with white-yellow ring below knee; outer 2/3 of tibia red Humbe tenuicornis 60397 records: occasional in northern Dogon country (e.g. Petaka) (JH) notes: ground-dwelling; female to 4.1 cm; top of pronotum forms a conspicuous “hump”; coloration brown with no large markings; inner femur mostly blue and/or black depending on maturity; tibia red. Locusta migratoria migratorioides (criquet migratoire) 60634 records: (Beni) but not well-known to northern Dogon (elsewhere in Africa can form locust swarms) notes: female to 7.2 cm; pronotum somewhat arc’ed (convex) seen from side; long wings extend well beyond short abdomen; coloration variable green to brown and pale to dark (Beni specimen pale green); inner wing transparent; fairly slender femur; inner femur has basal half black (except for ridges) with one further black spot under knee. Morphacris fasciata 60398 records: none (JH) notes: females to 3.6 cm; pronotum has several tiny longitudinal ridgelets; various shades of brown, with dark band from mouth up across lower sides of pronotum, with a thin line of white jabbing into it; inner wing yellow at base plus a brown-black crescent; lower half of inner femur is brown-black, with one more brown-black mark about one-third down from knee; tibia grey-beige or grey-blue; year-round. Oedaleus senegalensis 60399 records: very common and well-known to northern Dogon as an important crop pest esp. for millet (some smaller Oedipodinae may be called “slave of Oedaleus” or the like) (JH) notes: on the ground or in grasses; female to 4.8 cm; pronotum relatively straight in profile (seen from side); variably brown or greenish with some yellow; inner wing faint yellow at base with black crescent (often not complete); alternating dark and light bands on external wings; tibias pink or reddish; row of faint blackish marks along side of abdomen. Paracinema tricolor 60402 records: none (JH) Scintharista notabilis 60400 notes: common in rocky hills in northern Dogon country (JH) notes: females to 5 cm; inner wings scarlet red (very conspicuous in flight) from base through middle, bordered by a blackish crescent and (sometimes?) another black area at the outer tip; tibia bluish or orangish [note: Mestre (p. 292n) casts doubt on the distinction between S. notabilis (black mark present at apex of inner wing, most of tibia orange) and S. zolotarevkyi (black mark absent at apex of inner wing, tibia blue), noting specimens from Mali with blue tibia but no mark; previous records for Mali were of S. zolotarevskyi; my specimens from Dogon country have variable tibia color, and one with blue tibia has a clear black mark at the apex of the inner wing). Oxyinae Oxya hyla hyla records: lakes region (Mestre); none in northern Dogon country (JH) notes: females to 3.7 cm; base coloration green to yellowish, with a dark brown band across upper half of side of pronotum and continuing but tapering to top of eye; tibia blue. Tropidopolinae Homoxyrrhepes punctipennis 60403 records: seen and known to local Dogon at Walo who comment on its pretty colors (JH) notes: female to 7 cm; base color light brown or green-brown with thick dark brown band from eye across pronotum and down to base of femur; outer femur brown above, light brown or greenish below; top of pronotum has a central ridge but no lateral ridges; slender long legs, fairly long outer wings |