Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L
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Hydrilla verticillata |
Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed |
Sarai hang krarok |
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15, 27, 17 |
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Hygrophila polysperma |
East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed |
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15 |
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Imperata cylindrica |
alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass |
Ya kha |
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G |
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R |
10, 27, 17, 7 |
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Ipomoea aquatica |
akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed, water spinach |
Phak bung |
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2, 27, 17, 4 |
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Lantana camara |
ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage |
Phaka Krong |
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25, 1, 26, |
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Leucaena leucocephala |
acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, faux-acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa haole, koa-haole, lamtoro, lead tree, Leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla |
Kra thin |
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F/S |
25, 22, 1,4 |
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Ligustrum sinensis |
- Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, xiao la |
Khao tok phra ruang |
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2, 26 |
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Limnocharis flava |
cebolla de chucho, cu neo, kalmi, kengkong, keo neo, limnocharis, manja payal, paku rawan, sawah-flower rush, sawah-lettuce, velvetleaf, yellow bur-hea |
talapad ruesi, Bon chin |
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4, 27, 17 |
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Limnophila sessiliflora |
ambulia, Asian marshweed, limnophila, shi long wei |
Nang om |
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Lonicera japonica |
Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva |
Sai na phueng |
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2, 10, 26 |
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Lygodium microphyllum |
Old World climbing fern, small leaf climbing fern, small-leaf climbing fern |
Li phao yung |
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F |
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Melaleuca quinquenervia |
cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree |
Samet |
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S |
26 |
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Melia azedarach |
ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets, bakain, chinaberry, chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, prais, pride-of-India, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili, tira, umbrella tree, white cedar |
Lian |
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6, 26, |
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Merremia peltata |
abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue lautetele, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa |
En luen |
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2, |
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Microstegium vimineum |
annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass, bamboograss, Chinese packing grass, flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass, Mary's grass, Nepal grass, Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop, Vietnamese stilt grass |
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G |
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Mikania micrantha |
American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele |
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() |
() |
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27 |
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Mimosa pigra |
bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, columbi-da-lagoa, eomrmidera, espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, malicia-de-boi, mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu, semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh nu nhon, una de gato, xao ho |
Miyarap yak |
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M |
17, 7, 1 |
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Neyraudia reynaudiana |
burma reed, cane grass, false reed, silk reed |
Phong lao |
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G |
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7, 13 |
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Paederia foetida |
Chinese fever vine, skunk vine, stinkvine |
Phang hom |
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5, 21 |
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Panicum repens |
canota, couch panicum, creeping panic, kriechende Hirse, millet rampant, panic rampant, torpedo grass, torpedograss, Victoria grass, wainaku grass |
Ya channakat |
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17, 27 |
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Passiflora foetida |
bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon |
Kratokrok |
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5. 14, 27, 17 |
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Pennisetum clandestinum |
capim-quicuio, kikuyo, kikuyu grass, kikuyu pul, kikuyu tana, kikuyugras, pasto africano, West African pennisetum, xi fei lang wei cao |
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7 |
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Pennisetum polystachion |
dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata, pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetu |
Ya khajonjob |
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17, 27 |
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Phoenix canariensis |
Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, dattier des Canaries, phoenix palm |
Palm khon nok |
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P |
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26 |
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Pistia stratiotes |
- laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce |
chok |
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19, 17, 27 |
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Polygonum perfoliatum |
Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa, mile-a-minute-vine, mile-a-minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb |
Sam khom khiang |
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7 |
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Potamogeton crispus |
curly pondweed, curly-leaved pondweed |
Naen |
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Psidium guajava |
abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom |
Farang |
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F |
10 |
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Pueraria montana var. lobata |
abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom |
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C |
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Rhodomyrtus tomentosa |
Ceylon hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, feijoa, hill gooseberry, hill guava, Isenberg bush, myrte-groseille, rose myrtle |
Phruat |
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Rottboellia cochinchinensis |
anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora, capim-camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian, gaho, girum nagei, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass, herbe queue-de-rat, itch grass, itchgrass, jointed grass, Kelly grass, kokoma grass, konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed, swooate, tsunoaiashi |
Ya prong khai, Yakhayong |
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G |
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17. 27 |
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Rubus moluccanus |
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Som kung |
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11 |
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Rubus rosifolius |
akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry |
Kulap chan |
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Sagittaria sagittifolia |
arrowhead, chieh ku, chien tao ts'ao, espadana, flecha de agua, flèche d'eau, giant arrowhead, Hawaii arrowhead, old world arrowhead, pai ti li, Pfeilkraut, pijlkruid, saeta de agua, sagitária, shui p'Ing, suokiu, t'zu ku, wapatoo, yen wei ts'ao |
Tao kiat |
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22, 7 |
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Sorghum halepense |
Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, gumai, herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho, sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson |
Ya phong |
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G |
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F |
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Spathodea campanulata |
African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du sorcier, fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse, pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi, tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon |
Khae saet |
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26 |
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Striga asiatica |
Asiatic witchweed, buri, common mealie witchweed, isona weed, Matabele flower, mealie poison, mealie witchweed, red witchweed, scarlet lobelia, striga, witchweed |
Ya maemot |
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Ps |
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17, 13 |
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Syzygium cumini |
black plum, damson plum, djoowet, doowet, druif, duhat, duhat, faux-pistachier, guayabo pesjua, indian blackberry, jalao, jaman, jambhool, jamblang, jambol, jambolan plum, jambolanier, jambool, jambu, jambul, jambulao, jamelao, jamelon-guier, jamelong, jamelongue, jamélongue, jamelonguier, jammun, jamoen, Java plum, jiwat, Ka'ika, kavika ni India, koeli, koriang, lomboy, lunaboy, ma-ha, Malabar plum, mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak, paramu, pesjua extranjera, pistati, Portuguese plum, pring bai, pring das krebey, purple plum, salam, va, voi rung |
Waa |
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F/S |
26, 14, 8 |
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Tradescantia spathacea (Rhoeo discolor Hance) |
- boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket, oyster plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki |
wan hoi khraeng |
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10, 14, 26 |
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Trapa natans |
bull nut, European water chestnut, water chestnut, water nut |
ma ngaeng, Kra chom |
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16 |
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Vallisneria spiralis |
eel grass, freshwater eelgrass, ribbonweed |
Santawa bai khao |
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15 |
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Zizania latifolia |
coba, jiao-bai, kuw-sun, kwo-bai, makomo, makomo dake, Manchurian water-rice, Manchurian wild rice, Manchurian wildrice, Manchurian zizania, ricegrass, Wasserbambus, water-bamboo, wild rice stem |
No mai nam |
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G |
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Ziziphus mauritiana |
aprin, baer, baher, bahir, bedara, ber, bor, Chinee apple, Chinese apple, Chinese date, coolie plum, crabapple, dindoulier, dunk, dunks, dunks, gingeolier, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, jujube, jujubier, liane croc chien, ma-tan, Malay jujube, mangustine, manzana (apple), manzanas, manzanita, manzanita (little apple), perita haitiana, petit pomme, phutsa, pomme malcadi, pomme surette, ponsigne, putrea, tao, tao nhuc, widara, widara, yuyubi, yuyubo |
Phutsa |
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F/S |
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Note:
I = introduced species
Plant habit:
H = herb, S = shrub, T= tree, V/C = vine/ climber, A = aquatic plant
Oth: F = fern, G = grass, P = palm, Ps = parasitic plant
Status:
V = vegetable, M = medicinal plant, O = ornamental plant, W = weed
Oth: A = aquarium plant, C = cover crop, F = fruit, F/S = fruit/shading, H = handy craft, M = mollusicide, R = roofing
Table 2. Some noxious weeds in Thailand.
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Plant species |
Family |
Invaded area |
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Ageratum conyzoides |
Asteraceae |
upland field |
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Commelina benghalensis |
Commelinaceae |
upland field |
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Commelina diffusa |
Commelinaceae |
upland field |
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Cyanotis axillaries |
Commelinaceae |
Paddy field |
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Cyperus rotundus |
Cyperaceae |
Paddy field |
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Drymaria cordata |
Caryophyllaceae |
Upland field (highland) |
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Echinocloa colona |
Poaceae |
Paddy field and upland field |
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Echinocloa crus-galli |
Poaceae |
Paddy field |
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Eupatorium adenophorum |
Asteraceae |
Upland field (highland) |
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Euphorbia heterophylla |
Euphorbiaceae |
Upland field |
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Fimbristylis dichotoma |
Cyperaceae |
Paddy field |
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Fimbristylis miliacea |
Cyperaceae |
Paddy field |
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Hyptis suaveolens |
Labiateae |
Upland field |
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Marselia crenata |
Marsileaceae |
Paddy field and upland field |
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Mimosa invisa |
Fabaceae |
upland field |
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Monoclhoria vaginalis |
Pontederiaceae |
Paddy field |
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Rottboellia cochinchinensis |
Poaceae |
upland field |
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Spheanoclea zeylanica |
Sphenocleaceae |
Paddy field |
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Typha angustifolia |
Typhaceae |
Swamp and wet area |
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Digitaria sanguinalis |
Poaceae |
upland field |
Fig.2. Growth of Dollar weeds in less moist condition
Fig.3 Part of Dollar weed that can use for propagation
Fig.5 Growth C. asiatica and H. umbrellata growing in the same pot (70 days)
Dollar weed can grow well in both high and low moist compete for space and nutrient with other plant very well. In dry condition the plant produce a lot of seeds, but no seedling found in the experimental period. Pakjarurn (2002) reported that substances extracted from this plant can inhibit growth of Mimosa pigra, Echinocloa crus-galli, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Trianthema portulacastrum. This may help plant to compete other plants.
Fig. 7 Dollar weed found in ditch along road side.
To confirm the result of preliminary evaluation weed potential of Dollar weed in various places. The plant was found many swamp, pond and ditch along road side in many provinces. The plant was also found in high moist land shown ability of competition over other indigenous plants. (Fig.7)
Reference
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