Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2001
WPR is much lower for women, and the proportion of marginal women workers is far higher than men. Dependence on agricultural work is high and above the state average, and a higher proportion of working women engage in agricultural labour than men.
| |
Name of State/District
|
Literacy Rate
|
Sex Ratio
|
SC Sex Ratio
|
ST Sex Ratio
|
Workforce Participation Rate
|
% Main Workers
|
% Cultivators
|
% Agriculture Labour
|
% Household based Occupation
|
% Others
|
% Marginal Worker
|
MAHARASHTRA
|
49.79
|
960
|
958
|
979
|
43.61
|
69.89
|
42.52
|
47.44
|
2.48
|
7.56
|
30.11
|
Nandurbar
|
32.79
|
986
|
967
|
1011
|
46.43
|
60.67
|
29.88
|
64.13
|
1.53
|
4.46
|
39.33
|
Nanded
|
41.60
|
947
|
952
|
958
|
41.79
|
66.83
|
34.06
|
57.79
|
2.63
|
5.52
|
33.17
|
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2001
| |
Name of State/District
|
Good & Livable Households
|
Permanent Houses
|
Non-Serviceable Households
|
Semi Permanent & Serviceable Households
|
Water Away from Home
|
Households without Water and Electricity
|
Households without Drinking Water, Electricity and Latrines
|
Rural Households Availing Banking Services
|
MAHARASHTRA
|
94
|
40
|
4
|
56
|
17
|
9
|
8
|
39
|
Nandurbar
|
98
|
11
|
6
|
83
|
13
|
10
|
9
|
17
|
Nanded
|
91
|
46
|
5
|
49
|
23
|
15
|
14
|
34
|
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2001
The backwardness of Nandurbar is further underlined by the predominantly kutcha housing. Nanded has a more serious crisis of access to water.
3. Orissa
Table 13: Demographic Profile of Rural Households |
Name of State/Districts
|
% Rural Households
|
Average Size of Rural Households
|
% Rural Population
|
% SC
|
% ST
|
SC+ ST %
|
Sex Ratio
|
Literacy Rate
|
Persons
|
Male
|
Female
|
ORISSA
|
86
|
4.73
|
85.01
|
17.19
|
24.61
|
41.80
|
987
|
50.86
|
61.80
|
39.77
|
Sundargarh
|
67
|
4.57
|
65.63
|
8.56
|
66.41
|
74.96
|
994
|
46.68
|
56.87
|
36.42
|
Mayurbhanj
|
94
|
4.69
|
93.00
|
7.47
|
59.51
|
66.98
|
986
|
41.16
|
52.93
|
29.23
|
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2001
The selected districts have a very high concentration of Scheduled Tribes, though a smaller Scheduled Caste population as compared to the state average. This is in keeping with the well known demographic feature that their areas of concentration are different: the SCs in the plains and the STs in the hilly areas. Overall, the STs and SCs together account for over 66 per cent of the total population in these districts.
Table 14: Selected Characteristics of Women in Rural Areas |
Name of State/District
|
Literacy Rate
|
Sex Ratio
|
SC Sex Ratio
|
ST Sex Ratio
|
Workforce Participation Rate
|
% Main Workers
|
% Cultivators
|
% Agriculture Labour
|
% Household based Occupation
|
% Others
|
% Marginal Worker
|
ORISSA
|
39.77
|
987
|
983
|
1006
|
27.12
|
33.10
|
21.20
|
56.55
|
8.58
|
13.67
|
66.90
|
Sundargarh
|
36.42
|
994
|
999
|
1009
|
39.22
|
30.87
|
28.89
|
56.76
|
2.48
|
11.87
|
69.13
|
Mayurbhanj
|
29.23
|
986
|
994
|
996
|
41.97
|
36.19
|
16.57
|
49.31
|
24.95
|
9.17
|
63.81
|
Source: Primary Census Abstract, Census of India 2001
The gender ratio is favourable for women amongst tribals, and in Sundargarh it exceeds the state average. Literacy rates are abysmally low, especially amongst women. WPRs are higher than the state average, but so is the percentage of marginal workers. Higher WPRs for women compared to the state average reflect the inverse relationship between development and female WPR — underdeveloped areas have higher female WPRs than elsewhere (though lower than male WPRs). Women have lower participation in the workforce than men, and women marginal workers are extremely high. The percentage of cultivators is higher than the state average of 33 per cent of the workforce in Sundergarh, which is not unusual in tribal areas.
Table 15: Workforce Characteristics in Rural Areas |
Name of State/Districts
|
Workforce Participation Rate
|
% Main Worker
|
% Total Agricultural Labour +Marginal Cultivators
|
% Marginal Agricultural Labour+ Marginal Cultivators
|
% Agriculture Dependent Population
|
% Household Based Occupation
|
%Others
|
% Marginal Work
|
Persons
|
Male
|
Female
|
ORISSA
|
40.23
|
53.17
|
27.12
|
64.13
|
45.50
|
29.16
|
72.45
|
5.11
|
22.44
|
35.87
|
Sundargarh
|
46.60
|
53.92
|
39.22
|
56.62
|
49.72
|
38.39
|
77.43
|
2.43
|
20.14
|
43.38
|
Mayurbhanj
|
47.39
|
52.75
|
41.97
|
58.72
|
45.81
|
29.01
|
69.25
|
15.04
|
15.71
|
41.28
| |
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