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STOCHASTIC REFINEMENT OF THE Pecorino’s Optimal inflation-rate model

 

Dr. Costas Kyritsis Prof. Petros Kiochos



Software Laboratory Department of Statistics
National Technical and Insurance Science

University of Athens University of Pireas

 

 



ABSTRACT

In this short paper with title “Stochastic refinement of the Pecorino’s Optimal Inflation-Rate model ”, we extend the model of Pecorino to include stochastic effects. The basic result is that under natural conditions the optimality of the model’s inflation rate, remains, even if we refine it to a stochastic model. The stochastic refinement has in addition a three-fold effect: a) It makes the model mathematically more sophisticated and advanced b) It gives to it statistical and econometric foundation; it is therefore related directly to empirical measurements. c) Many different cases can be considered to follow the model (up to a probability of an error ) that in the previous deterministic formulation should be excluded. (JEL:E3,E4,C3)


 

 


 

Introduction

In a recent paper (see [Pecorino,P. ,1997] ) it is described a model of the optimal inflation rate, when capital is taxed . Such models investigate the validity of the Friedman’s rule (see [Friedman,M.,1969]), which requires a rate of price deflation equal to the real rate of interest . In his model Pecorino’s optimal rate of inflation exceeds that implied by Milton Friedman’s money growth rate. Nevertheless his results indicate, as he points out himself , that it may not be far above it ,and clearly this rate must be below the revenue maximizing rate of inflation. In this paper, by refining Pecorino’s model, in a minimum way, to a stochastic model, we prove that his solution remains optimal even when including stochastic disturbances. In particular, the optimal stochastic solution has a skeleton equation which coincides with the corresponding in Pecorino’s deterministic optimal solution.

The refinement has a three-fold effect: a) It makes the model mathematically more sophisticated and advanced b) It gives to it statistical and econometric foundation, thus, it is linked directly to empirical measurements. c) Many different cases can be considered to follow the model (up to a probability of error ), that in the previous deterministic formulation should be ruled out .

The paper is kept as short as possible and as easy-reading as possible .The main point is not the particular details but the whole procedure that gives statistical and empirical econometric foundation to optimal control models.



1.The Pecorino’s deterministic model of optimal inflation rate when capital is taxed.

We give , at first, a concise review of the Pecorino’s model as it is described in [Pecorino,P.,1997].

The next symbols and magnitudes are used :

Y=output of consumption/physical capital good.

A=technology shift parameter in the production function

K=capital stock

ρ= consumer’s rate of time preference.

h(.)=function of the real per unit transaction costs.

S=total transaction costs.

P=price level.

M=money stock.

C=consumption.

I=investment.

V=velocity of money.

sI =real marginal transaction cost on capital purchases.

g=growth rate of output

R=nominal interest rate.

1/σ=intertemporal elasticity of substitution.

μ=money growth rate.

τ=income tax rate.

z=government transfers as percentage of gross output.

W=welfare.

Ψ=satiation level of velocity.

VF=value of velocity such that…

n=shift parameter in the transaction cost function.

α=exponent from the transaction cost function.

 

There is a single consumption good and a single investment good, each produced by an identical technology, as described by



(1)


Where A>ρ and ρ is the consumer’s rate of time preference.

The real per unit transaction cost and the total transaction costs satisfy the equation:

(2)

with

h’£0 ,h’’³0,h’(0)=-¥



and it is defined a velocity Vt (3)

with a value of the velocity VF such that:

h(1/VF)=h’(1/VF)=0.

The derivatives of the transaction cost function are:



(4)

The real marginal transaction cost on capital sI is defined as



(5)

The market clearing condition is:

(6)


Consumer preferences ,budget constraint and capital accumulation constraint are formulated in the next equations respectively

(7a)

(7b)

(7c)

The equation (7c) reflects an assumption of a zero rate of depreciation on physical capital. The time subscripts are dropped sometimes for simplicity.

The consumer’s intention is to maximize (7a) subject to (7b) and (7c) .

The Hamiltonian associated with this problem is given by

(8)

The Pontryagin’s maximum principle solves this control system and the solutions are

 

(9a)



(9b)


(9c)


Some additional conditions are

 

σ>1 ,



which ensures that the interest rate exceeds the growth rate. The government budget constraint links the rate of money growth to the rate of income taxation

(10a)


It is assumed that all government revenues are transferred lump sum back to consumers and that these transfers are constant as a percentage of gross output PAK (this percentage is denoted by z) .Thus

(10b)

 

By solving (7) we get an expression for the welfare



 

(11)



 

It s worth stating the Pontryagin’s maximum principle, in order to compare it with the stochastic maximum principle; (see e.g. [Chiang A.C. 1992 ]pp168-193 ) or [Kamien M.-Schwartz N.L. 1991] p 219 :


Deterministic maximum principle


«Let the optimal control problem :

Find piecewise continuous control u(t) and an associated continuous and piecewise differentiable state vector x(t) ,defined on a fixed time interval [t,T] (Finite Horizon) that will maximize the :



subject to he differential equation of evolution

x’(t)=g(t,x(t),u(t)) with initial condition x(0)=x0

 

In order that x*(t) ,u*(t) be optimal for the above optimal control problem ,it is necessary that there exist a constant p0 and continuos function p(t) ,where for all t£s£T we have (p0 ,p(s))¹(0,0) and such that for every t£s£T ,

H(s,x*(s),u ,p(s)) £H(s,x*(s),u*(s),p(s))

where the Hamiltonian function H is defined by

H(s,x,u,p(s))= p0f(s,x,u) +pg(s,x,u)

Except at points of discontinuity of u*(s)

p’(s)=-

Furthermore p0=1 or p0=0

and, finally ,the following transversality condition is satisfied :

p(T)=0.

 

2.The stochastic maximum principle and the stochastic refinement of the model.

We assume an Ito diffusion (a normal process ) that the skeleton equation is the equation of motion of the deterministic model and the variance is constant through out .We may write for it the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations and the stochastic differential equation for it. The Stochastic current value Hamiltonian has an additional term depending on the variance and the derivative of the adjoint variable to the capital .

The stochastic optimal solution is based on the Stochastic maximum principle (see [Mallaris A.et al 1982] proposition 10.1 pp112) that goes as follows:



Suppose that x*(t) and u*(t) solve in [t,T] the system:

Maximize E ( ) ( and set J(x(s),s,T)=maxu E ( ) )

(By E(x) we denote the mean value of the random variable x)

subject to the stochastic differential equation of evolution of an Ito diffusion (which is a normal process ,and z is a Brownian motion or «white noise»)

dx=g(x(s),u(s))dt+s(x(s),u(s))dz

with initial condition x(0)=x0

Then there exists an adjoin variable p(s) such that for all s in [t,T]

u* maximizes H(x,u,p,) for every random path x(s) ,where

H(x,u,p,)=u(x,u)+pg(x,u)+1/2s2

the adjoin random function p(t) satisfies the stochastic differential equation of an Ito diffusion

dp=-dt+s (x,u*)dz

and the transversality condition holds

p(x(T),T)=

p(T)x(T)=0

We notice immediately the similarity of the deterministic and the stochastic maximum principle . In particular if the diffusion coefficient σ is constant in x and time ,and also the is constant ,then the maximization of the value of the stochastic Hamiltonian, coincides with the maximization of the deterministic Hamiltonian.

This gives that the solution of the stochastic optimal control system is directly reduced to the solution of the deterministic optimal control system.

A main difference of the stochastic solution from the deterministic is that it is a random function (stochastic process ) .As the process is normal (at each time the random variable follows the normal distribution ) it is determined by the skeleton equation ( the mean value curve) and the variance curve .

Thus we may deduce that:

Theorem

The optimality of the Pecorino’s model solution is preserved under the above conditions in a model including stochastic disturbances .

3. Statistical and Econometric empirical measurements and Optimal Control models.

Although deterministic optimal control systems are easier to solve, in Economics are much too theoretical, when we try to test them empirically.

This difficulty is resolved when we refine them to stochastic optimal control systems, through stochastic differential equations. All the techniques of Econometrics become in this way available to us. Statistical tests and estimates ,or regression analysis, permits decisions up-to-probability. Stochastic differential equations admit continuous time estimation, simulation and forecasting (see [Kloeden et al 1997].

The advantage is that many distinct real cases may follow one only numerically defined stochastic model .



References.

[Arrow K.J. Mordecai K.1970] Public Investment ,The Rate of Return ,and Optimal Fiscal Policy .Published for the Resources for the Future ,Inc Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore ,MD.

[Azariadis C.1993] Intertemporal Macroeconomics Blackwell .

[Braun A.R. 1994] “How large is the optimal inflation tax?” Journal of Monetary Economics 34 pp 201-214.

[Chiang Alpha C.1992] Dynamic Optimization MacGraw-Hill 1992.

[Friedman,Milton 1969] The Optimum Quantity of Money” In The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays .Chicago:Aldine .

[Guidotti,PabloE.and carlos A.Vech 1993] “The Optimal Inflation Tax when Money Reduces Transactions Costs” Journal of Monetary Economics 31 pp 189-205.

[Kamien M.I. Shwartz N.L.1991] Dynamic Optimization the calculus of Variationsand Optimal Control in Economics and Management North-Holland

[Kiochos P.(1997)] Methodology of the research Stamoulis P.Athens

[Kiochos P.(1993)] Statistics Interbooks .Athens

[Kloeden P.E.,.Platen E, Scurz H. (1997)] Numerical Solutions of SDE Through Computer Experiments Springer .

[Malliaris A.G., Brock W.A.(1982)] Stochastic Methods in Economics and Finance North-Holland .

[Oksendal B.1995] Stochastic Differential Equations Springer.

[Pecorino P.1997] The Optimal Rate of Inflation When Capital is Taxed .Journal of macroeconimics Vol.19 No.4 pp.657-673.

[Phelps,Edmund S. 1973] “Inflation in the Theory of Public Finance” Swedish Journal of Economics 75 pp.67-82.

[Pontryagin L.S. et al.1962] The Mathematical Theory of Optimal Processes, Interscience ,N.Y. 1962 pp 23-27

[Roldos J.E.1997] “On gradual disinflation,the real exchange rate,and the current account” Journal of International Money and Finance,Vol 16 No. 1, pp. 37-54. [ 16] [Taylor Dean 1989] “Stopping Inflation in the Dornbush Model : Optimal Monetary Policies with Alternate Price-Adjustment Equations Journal of Macroeconomics

Spring 1989 pp 199-216

[Turnofsky S. V.d’Orey 1986] Monetary Policies in Inerdependent Economies with stochastic Disturbancies:A strategic Approach Economic Journal ,Vol 96 Septembe .

[von Wezsaker H. Winkler G.1990] Stochastic Integrals Vieweg advanced Lectures in Mathematics .

 

 



 

 


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