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Malaysia: 19,570 (2002)*

Thailand 1,700,000 (2002)*

MANGOSTEEN



Nutritional value: Mangosteen contains high contents of carbohydrates, calcium and phosphorus.
Nutrient composition per 100 gm edible portion (Pareek et al. 1998)

Fruit

Water

(g)

Calories

(Kcal)

Protein

(g)

Fat

(g)

Carbo-
hydrates


(g)

Fibre

(g)

Calcium

(mg)

Phosphorus

(mg)

Iron

(mg)

Vitamin A

(IU)

Thiamine (mg)

Riboflavin

(mg)

Niacin

(mg)

Ascorbic

Acid (mg)

Waste

(%)

Garcinia mangostana L.

80.2-85.0

60-63

0.5-0.6

0.1-0.6

14.3-19.8

0.3-5.1

0.01-11

0.02-17.0

0.20-0.90

14

0.03

-

-

1.0-66

70


Medicinal value: Mangosteen is used in folk medicine. The bark and skin of the tree treats diarrhoea and in Indonesia it is used to control high fever (Inglis 1996). The dried fruit rind, which contains tannin and xanthones, is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrhoea medicine and for treatment of dysentery.
Other uses: Mangosteen is known as the ‘Queen of the tropical fruits”. Its aril is consumed as a dessert fruit. In Tanna, the men eat Garcinia pseudoguttifera Seemann while they are out hunting (Walter and Chanel, 2002). The flesh is consumed fresh or made into juice or jam. The fruit of G. atroviridis is dried and used to spice dishes while the young leaves are eaten fresh. Fruits of G. schomburgkiana are used to make preserves. Gum resin of G. hanburyii is a potent purgative and for colouring. Young shoots and the mature fruit of G. xanthochymus are eaten as vegetables and edible fruits (Yapwattanaphun et al. 2002).
Market potential: Although mangosteen is apomictic, variations in the fruit quality have been observed. Therefore evaluation and selection for superior fruit quality is of utmost importance, including selection for shorter juvenility traits. Production figures for mangosteen are as follows:
India: Unknown

Indonesia: Unknown

Malaysia: 17,400 tons (2001)

Thailand 177,000 (2000)***




RAMBUTAN



Nutritional value: Rambutan is rich in carbohydrates, fibres, calcium and phosphorus.
Nutrient composition per 100 gm edible portion. (Pareek et al. 1998)

Fruit

Water

(g)

Calories

(Kcal)

Protein

(g)

Fat

(g)

Carbo-hydrates
(g)


Fibre

(g)

Calcium

(mg)

Phosphorus

(mg)

Iron

(mg)

Vitamin
A


(IU)

Thiamine (mg)

Riboflavin

(mg)

Niacin

(mg)

Ascorbic

Acid (mg)

Waste

(%)

Nephelium lappaceum L.

82-82.9

63-64

0.46-0.9

0.1

14-16

0.24-1.1

10.6-20

12.9

1.9-3.0

4

-

-

-

20.45-31

61

Nephelium mutabile Blume

84.5-90.8

-

0.82

0.55

12.86

0.14

0.01-0.05

-

0.02

-

-

-

-

-

-


Medicinal value: Rambutan roots are used to treat fever. The fruits treat digestive problems and the leaves are made into poultices to treat headache (Leakey and Newton 1994). The Malays use the roots to treating fever, the leaves for poultice and the bark as an astringent for tongue diseases.
Other uses: Rambutan fruits are depulped, canned and marketed as processed fruit (Pareek et al 1998). Fruits with sour sarcotesta are used for making jam. These sour fruits can also be pickled. The seeds can produce oil suitable for manufacture of soap and candles (Georgi 1922). Seeds of pulasan contain 29% fat which can make sweet smell edible oil (Georgi 1922). Seeds can be boiled or roasted for the preparation of a drink like cacao (Burkhill 1966).
Market potential: Collection of rambutan for characters such as precocity, dwarfness, resistance to diseases, and adaptation to harsh environments are high priorities. Exploration of post harvest technologies to improve fruit storage and fruit quality is also needed. Production figures for rambutan are as follows:
India: Unknown

Indonesia: 273,000 (1992)**

Malaysia: 40,100 (2001)

Thailand 673,700 (2000)***


* Source : http://apps.fao.org

**Source: http://www.marketag.com

***Source : DOAE Website

Annex 1 References:
Aman R. 1999. Buah-buahan Malaysia. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia.

Burkhill, I.H. 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur. Min. Agric. Cooperative.

Chin H F and H S Yong. 1980. Malaysian Fruits in Colour. Tropical Press, Kuala Lumpur.

Georgi. 1922. Malay Agriculture Journal 10: 227

Inglis, Kim. 1996. Tropical Fruits of Malaysia and Singapore. Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd., Singapore.

Khan M.N., et al. 1993. New saponins from Mangifera indica. Journal of Natural Products.

Leakey, R.R.B. and A.C. Newton, Eds. 1994. Domestication of Tropical Trees for Timber and Non-timber Products. MAB Digest 17, UNESCO, Paris.

Mukherjee S.K. 1997. Introduction: Botany and Importance. Pp. 1-20 In: The Mango- Botany, Production and Uses. (R.E. Litz, ed.). CAB International, UK.

Pareek O.P., Suneel Sharma and R.K. Arora. (1998) Underutilized Edible Fruits and Nuts: An Inventory of Genetic Resources in Their Regions of Diversity. IPGRI Office for South Asia, New Delhi, India. Pgs 191-206

Prajapati N.D., S.S. Purohit, A.K. Sharma and T. Kumar. 2003. A Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Agrobios (India), India.

Shiva M.P., A. Lehri and A. Shiva. 2002. Aromatic and Medicinal Plants. International Book Distributors, India.

Walter, A. and S. Chanel. 2002. Fruits of Oceania. ACIAR Monograph No 85. Canberra.

Yapwattanaphun, C., S. Subhadrabandhu, A. Suguira, K. Yonemori and N. Utsunomiya. 2002. Utilization of some Garcinia species in Thailand. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 575:563-570.
Annex 2.
Brief descriptions of institutions involved
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Italy

IPGRI, a Centre of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), is mandated to manage, conserve and use plant genetic resources for the benefit of present and future generations. It has provided global leadership on plant genetic resources for more than two decades. IPGRI has helped to organize and manage a number of crop networks to ensure better conservation and wider use of under-exploited germplasm, provide support to crop improvement programmes, and strengthen links among and between developed and developing countries. IPGRI has established working relationships with organizations concerned with fruit tree genetic resources in the ten countries participating in the ADB project. It has proven its ability to successfully implement ADB technical assistance grants to the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) for Asia-Pacific from its regional office for Asia, the Pacific and Oceania (APO) based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Through its research, IPGRI has contributed to a better understanding of genetic diversity and to major advances in conservation strategies and methods. Many underutilized crops that are of local importance in the region show very great diversity at the species and genetic level. The same is true for tropical fruit species. Studies indicate that the conservation and use of crop genetic resources can pay significant dividends. It is only through conservation and use of such resources that we can guarantee the continued availability of the genetic material that is essential to ensure future advances in plant breeding. Thus, conservation and use of plant genetic resources is a major concern of humankind and IPGRI is assisting countries in the region to better assess and manage their own genetic resources through improved methods of conservation and use and benefit from them.


India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), KABII, New Delhi

ICAR acts as a repository of information and provides consultancy on agriculture, horticulture, resource management, animal sciences, agricultural engineering, fisheries, agricultural extension, agricultural education, home science and agricultural communication. The mandate of ICAR is:

1. to plan, undertake, aid, promote and co-ordinate education, research and its applications in agriculture, agroforestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, home science and allied sciences

2. to act as a clearing house of research and general information relating to agriculture, animal husbandry, home science and allied sciences and fisheries through its publications and information system, and instituting and promoting transfer of technology programmes

3. to provide, undertake and promote consultancy services in the fields of education, research, training and dissemination of information in agriculture, agroforestry, animal husbandry, fisheries, home science and allied sciences

4. to look into the problems relating to broader areas of rural development concerning agriculture, including post-harvest technology by developing co-operative programmes with other organizations.

ICAR co-ordinates agricultural research and development programmes and linkages at national and international level with related organisations to enhance the quality of life of the farming community. ICAR has established various research institutes/centres in order to meet the agricultural research and education needs of the country. It is actively pursuing human resource development in the field of agricultural sciences by setting up numerous agricultural universities spanning the entire country. Eight national research institutes/research centres and four India coordinated projects deal with research, development and testing exclusively of fruit crop species. ICAR was also an active participant in the ADB project.
Indonesia: Research Institute for Fruits (IFRURI), Solok, West Sumatra

The Indonesian Fruit Research Institute is one of the institutes under the Central Research Institute for Horticulture under the overall umbrella of the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). The institute was established in 1985 has the major mandate for the research and development programmes on fruit crops in Indonesia. The major research areas include: 1. plant breeding and germplasm, 2. ecophysiology, 3. pests and diseases, 4. post-harvest physiology. The division of fruit plant germplasm conservation is responsible for exploration, identification as well as collection activities for the purpose of conservation. Activities in the laboratory, such as tissue culture and seed preservation have been undertaken, as well as fruit germplasm collection. This will enable identification of new plant materials (superior cultivars) and well as for conventional breeding from parent stocks in the germplasm collection. The institute has 140 staff (70 researchers, 30 technicians and 40 administrative staff) and has three experimental sites, 1. Sumani Experimental Farm at Solok, West Sumatra, 2. Aripan Experimental Farm, Solok and 3. Brastagi Experimental Farm in North Sumatra. The major fruit crops dealt with are mango, rambutan, mangosteen, banana, papaya, melon, pineapple, salacca, loquat, passion fruit and avocado. IFRURI was also one of the institutes involved in the ADB project where work was done on rambutan and mangosteen.


Malaysia: Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur

MARDI is a statutory body and undertakes research and development (R&D) in food and tropical agriculture. Research and development efforts for over more than two decades have contributed to the development of new crop varieties/clones. MARDI conducts scientific, technical, economic and sociological research, with respect to the production, utilisation and processing of all crops (except rubber and oil palm) and livestock. Horticultural crops include fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants and flowers. Fruits and vegetables are important dietary supplements. Research on strategy development, the environment and natural resources is focused on strategic and frontier science and technology aimed at generating new leads that would enhance the productivity, sustainability and competitiveness of the local agro-industry. MARDI serves as a centre for the collection and dissemination of information and advice on scientific, technical and economic matters concerning the agricultural industry, including the publication of reports, periodicals and relevant professional journals and papers. It maintains liaison with other organisations, both public and private, indigenous and foreign. Collaboration of MARDI with IPGRI on various plant genetic resources-related activities has been going on for a long time. The most recent such project was the ADB project.


Thailand: Department of Agriculture (DOA), Chatuchak, Bangkok

The Department of Agriculture under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative is responsible for crop research and development studies, sericulture, farm mechanization, transfer of technology to government agencies, private sector, the general public and farmers. It also provides training and analytical services on production inputs. DOA also provides consultation services on production and product development. The six major roles of the DOA are 1. research and development, 2. seed and silkworm multiplication, 3. service, 4. legal affairs, 5. technology transfer, 6. consultation services. The DOA has set priorities responding to the policies formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, which visualizes that future directions of agricultural development will be emphasized on the re-structuring of agricultural system which includes efficient management of natural and human resources. The Horticulture Research Institute of DOA has been actively involved in the ADB project on conservation of TFT as well as an on-going ACIAR-funded project on developing new technologies for conservation of tropical fruit species. This is because the DOA recognizes the need for a regional cooperation as valuable to the exchange of technologies, knowledge, and foster goodwill among other agricultural institutions worldwide.



Annex 3

List of Related Projects by Country

Related and complementary initiatives operating within the four participating countries are extensive. Determining how they might be linked to the project will be explored during the PDF B phase. Initiatives identified to date:


India:

  • Sustainable Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Fruit Genetic Resources in Asia, ADB.

  • Germplasm management and improvement of mango, funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, ICAR.

  • Germplasm management and improvement of guava funded by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, ICAR

  • National Agriculture Technology Project on conservation of agro-biodiversity –mango, guava, World bank

  • National Agriculture Technology Project on collection, evaluation and maintenance of citrus germplasm, World Bank

  • DNA Finger printing and characterization of mango cultivars and development of STMS markers in mango, ICAR

  • Sustainable management of fruit and medicinal plant genetic resources, ICAR

  • Morphological characterization of guava, mango and sapota, ICAR

  • Collection and maintenance of exotic and less known indigenous fruit crops, ICAR

  • Collection, evaluation and improvement of minor fruits at Crop and Horticulture Experiment Station, Chetthalli, ICAR

  • Collection, evaluation, identification and multiplication of varieties/ hybrids/ genotypes of fruit crops at CHES, Bhubaneshwar, ICAR


Indonesia:

  • Sustainable Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Fruit Genetic Resources in Asia, ADB.

  • Collection, Conservation and Characterization for Fruit Crops, Indonesian Government

  • Collaboration among institutions for development of citrus health integrated orchard management in 4 Provinces such as in North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Center of Java and South Sulawesi.

  • Exploration of Banana in Halmahera islands, Maluku province, INIBAP

  • International Musa Testing Programme (IMTP) Phase II (2000-2002), INIBAP

  • Exploration of Banana in Papua islands, Irian Jaya province, INIBAP

  • International Musa Testing Programme (IMTP) Phase III (2002-2005), INIBAP.

  • Banana for production and pests and diseases resistant test, Phase III (2002-2005), INIBAP.


Malaysia:

  • Conservation Genetics of Nephelium and Citrus, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia/IRPA

  • Wild Fruit Plants in Peninsular Malaysia, FRIM (2002 – 2007)

  • Collection, Conservation, and Exploitation of Agrobiological Resources, MARDI

  • On-farm conservation of tropical fruit genetic resources, International Tropical Fruit Network, TFNet

  • Conservation and genetic diversity of pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) and kuini (Mangifera odorata), MARDI

  • IPGRI’s APO Cyber Plant Conservation Project, ENSEARCH

  • Development of advanced technologies for germplasm conservation of tropical fruit species, ACIAR. (2003 – 2005)

  • Sustainable Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Fruit Genetic Resources in Asia, ADB.


Thailand:

  • Development of advanced technologies for germplasm conservation of tropical fruit species, ACIAR. (2003 – 2005)

  • Sustainable Conservation and Utilization of Tropical Fruit Genetic Resources in Asia, ADB


Relevant GEF projects outside the participating countries:

  • In Nepal, the project “Enhancing Contribution of Home Gardens to On-farm Management of Plant Genetic Resources and to Improve Livelihoods of Nepalese Farmers”, (Nepal), GEF/UNDP

  • In situ/On-farm Conservation of Agricultural Biodiversity (Horticulture Crops and Wild Fruit Species) Central Asia”, (Central Asia), UNEP/GEF

  • In Situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives Through Enhanced Information Management and Field Application, UNEP/GEF

  • In-situ Conservation of Genetic Diversity (Turkey), GEF/World Bank

  • In situ Conservation of Native Landraces and their Wild Relatives in Vietnam (Vietnam), UNDP/GEF

  • Western Terai Landscape Complex Project (Nepal), GEF/UNDP


Annex 4.

Country NBSAPs, Planning Documents and Projects Relevant to

Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agrobiodiversity and the Focus of the Proposed Project
India
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

It is now in draft form and considers the importance of home gardens, participatory approaches, and use of traditional knowledge to in situ conservation of crop species. In India, collecting and conserving mango genetic resources focuses primarily on quality of fruits and, to date, more than 1000 accessions with different horticultural traits have been collected and conserved at different locations in field genebanks. The crop-based institutes on mango and citrus have the mandate to address biodiversity conservation issues, and the Vision 2020 document of these institutions focuses the work to be done in this area. [The Indian Council of Agricultural Research-(ICAR) institutes involved in this exercise are the Central Institute for Subtropical Fruits, Lucknow; the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore; and the National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur] The national symposium “Plant Genetic Resources Management: Advances and Challenges” recommended that national clonal repositories be established for horticultural crops.


India’s Vision 2020 strategy

Limited scope for horizontal expansion and need for increased crop intensity and productivity dictate sustainability of agricultural production through judicious exploitation of available agrobiodiversity. Hence germplasm collection, conservation, optimum utilization, and germplasm enhancement have to receive greater attention. Globalization and commercialization of economy may hasten process of monocropping and spread of improved varieties of a few major food and cash crops, resulting in the replacement of the traditional indigenous germplasm. This may lead to faster erosion of biodiversity and loss of traditional knowledge. Therefore, a national action plan in a mission-mode approach is required to collect, evaluate, characterize, conserve and utilize plant genetic resources of indigenous and exotic origins. The efforts would also help in conservation of biodiversity, bioprospecting of wild species and valuable germplasm for bio-modules, and genes for commercialization. DNA fingerprinting is needed to establish ownership of indigenous materials, and IPR issues will have to receive priority.


PVP Act

A Plant Varieties & Farmers' Rights Protection (PVP) Authority will be established which will undertake registration of extant and new plant varieties through the Plant Varieties Registry on the basis of varietal characteristics. Registration of all plant genera or species as notified by the Authority will be done in a phased manner. The PVP Authority will develop characterisation and documentation of plant varieties registered under the PVP Act and cataloguing facilities for all varieties of plants.  The rights of farmers to save, use, exchange, share or sell farm produce of all varieties will be protected, with the proviso that farmers shall not be entitled to sell branded seed of a protected variety under the brand name.


National Gene Fund

A National Gene Fund will be established for implementation of the benefit sharing arrangement, and payment of compensation to village communities for their contribution to the development and conservation of plant genetic resources and also to promote conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. Suitable systems will be worked out to identify the contributions from traditional knowledge and heritage.  


Indonesia

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