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Flora of North America North of Mexico Guide for Contributors—May 2006


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1d. Armeria maritima (Miller) Willdenow subsp. interior (Raup) A. E. Porsild, Bull. Natl. Mus. Canada 135: 172. 1955
Statice interior Raup, J. Arnold Arbor. 17: 289, plate 198. 1936; Armeria maritima var. interior (Raup) G. H. M. Lawrence
Leaf blades glabrous. Scapes glabrous. Inflorescences: sheath length usually 0.5--0.75 times diam. of flower head; outer involucral bracts 0.5--0.75 times length of flower head. Flowers monomorphic: stigmas papillate, pollen coarsely reticulate; calyx glabrous. 2n = 18.

Flowering summer. Sand dunes, gravel pavements; 200--300 m; Sask.**n**

Subspecies interior is known only from the south shore of Lake Athabasca.
2. LIMONIUM Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4, vol. 2. 1754, name conserved * Sea lavender, statice, marsh rosemary [Greek leimon, meadow, referring to frequent occurrence of some species on salt meadows]
Alan R. Smith
Plants herbs, usually perennial, scapose, acaulescent; taprooted or rhizomatous. Leaves basal (sometimes also on inflorescence axes), sessile or petiolate; blade often punctate, elliptic to obovate, oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong, or round, usually coriaceous, base usually long-attenuate, margins entire or toothed to pinnatifid, apex rounded to apiculate or retuse. Inflorescences usually of terminal panicles or corymbs, ultimate branch tips bearing secund, usually 1--3(--5)-flowered spikelets. Pedicels absent or present (very short, subtended by 3 or 4 sheathing bracts). Flowers homostylous; calyx tubular to funnelform, 5-ribbed, glabrous or pubescent, plicate, lobes oblong to triangular, sometimes with smaller intervening lobes, or lobes +/- connate and calyx mouth erose; petals nearly distinct, white, lavender, or yellow, long-clawed; filaments adnate to base of corolla; anthers included; styles 5, distinct to base; stigmas linear-clavate, papillate. Fruits utricles, usually exserted from persistent calyx, brownish green, usually capped by marcescent corolla and style bases. x = 8, 9.

Species ca. 300 (8 in the flora): worldwide, especially from Mediterranean region east to c Asia.

The greatest diversity in Limonium is found in Europe (ca. 100 species and many subspecies; see S. Pignatti 1972) and in Mediterranean and central Asian regions, often on saline or calcareous soils and cliffs near the coasts; other species are found in saline marshlands. The showiest species (L. arborescens and L. perezii), with a persistent blue-purple to lavender calyx, have their origin in the Canary Islands; they are often cultivated for ornament or their inflorescences are air-dried for floral arrangements under their Linnaean name “Statice.” Other species have been used in rock gardens. Six species are locally naturalized in California.

Limonium vulgare Miller (Statice limonium Linnaeus), similar morphologically to L. carolinianum, has been reported by H. J. Scoggan (1978--1979, part 4) from central Saskatchewan and southern Ontario (“in a weedy...cemetery...York Co., where ‘growing without cultivation’”). It is doubtful that the species persists or is spreading. Recent revisitation of the site in Ontario by J. E. Eckenwalder (pers. comm.) suggests that Limonium vulgare is no longer extant there. Limonium leptostachyum (Boissier) Kuntze (S. leptostachya Boissier) has been reported from New York by R. S. Mitchell and G. C. Tucker (1997); it is doubtful that this central Asian species is naturalized in the flora area. It differs from all other species in the flora area by having small (10--30 x 5 mm), deeply pinnatifid leaves and narrow, spikelike inflorescences.

Some species of Limonium, e.g., L. sinuatum, have dimorphic pollen and stigmas that result in self-incompatibility, although the native species in the flora area have been shown to be self-compatible (H. G. Baker 1953b). Agamospermy is also common in some extraterritorial species, and this may account, in part, for the taxonomic difficulty in some groups of Limonium.


SELECTED REFERENCES Baker, H. G. 1953b. Dimorphism and monomorphism in the Plumbaginaceae II. Pollen and stigmata in the genus Limonium. Ann. Bot. (Oxford), n. s. 17: 433--445. Luteyn, J. L. 1976. Revision of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) in eastern North America. Brittonia 28: 303--317.
1. Leaf blade margins pinnately lobed; inflorescence axes with 3--5 wings, these with linear leaflike appendages 2--8 x 0.2--0.5 cm and stiff, stout hairs to ca. 1.5 mm
.....7. Limonium sinuatum

1. Leaf blade margins +/- entire or obscurely undulate; inflorescence axes not winged, or if winged, then wings 2(--3), linear leaflike appendages absent, glabrous.

2. Inflorescences with some nonflowering branches
.....6. Limonium otolepis

2. Inflorescences with all (or nearly all) branches bearing flowers.

3. Inflorescences greater than 1 m, axes strongly winged, wings leaflike, veined
.....5. Limonium arborescens

3. Inflorescences less than 1 m, axes not winged.

4. Calyces blue-purple distally; leaf blades round to broadly ovate or subcordate, bases abruptly narrowed, nearly as broad as long; floral bracts ciliate or fimbriate on margins; coastal s California
.....4. Limonium perezii

4. Calyces whitish distally; leaf blades obovate to oblong or oblanceolate, bases gradually tapered; floral bracts glabrous at margins; widespread.

5. Leaf blades less than 4 x 1.5 cm, each with single midrib and sometimes 2 lesser, +/- parallel veins; petals pink to lavender, exserted 2--3 mm from calyx; calyx ribs glabrous; coastal salt marshes of s California.....8. Limonium ramosissimum

5. Leaf blades more than 4 x 1.5 cm, pinnately veined; petals lavender or whitish, exserted 0--2 mm from calyx; calyx ribs often pilose, sometimes glabrous; widespread.

6. Calyx lobes spreading at maturity; spikelets always densely aggregated at tips of inflorescence branches; inland alkaline areas.....2. Limonium limbatum

6. Calyx lobes ascending or erect at maturity; spikelets not aggregated, or loosely to moderately or densely aggregated along inflorescence branches; coastal salt marshes or flats.

7. Spikelets loosely to moderately densely aggregated along inflorescence branches; leaf blade apices cuspidate, cusps 1--3 mm,soon falling; Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains.....1. Limonium carolinianum

7. Spikelets moderately to densely aggregated along inflorescence branches; leaf blade apices rounded or, occasionally, retuse at tips, rarely cuspidate (cusps less than 0.5 mm); California and Oregoncoasts, Arizona, s Nevada.....3. Limonium californicum


1. Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 255. 1894 * Canker or ink or marsh root, lavender or American or seaside thrift
Statice caroliniana Walter, Fl. Carol., 118. 1788; Limonium angustatum (A. Gray) Small; L. carolinianum var. angustatum (A. Gray) S. F. Blake; L. carolinianum var. compactum Shinners; L. carolinianum var. nashii (Small) B. Boivin; L. carolinianum var. obtusilobum (S. F. Blake) H. E. Ahles; L. carolinianum var. trichogonum (S. F. Blake) B. Boivin; L. nashii Small; L. nashii var. angustatum (A. Gray) H. E. Ahles; L. obtusilobum S. F. Blake; L. trichogonum S. F. Blake
Leaves all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, 5--25(--40) cm; petiole often narrowly winged distally, 0.1--20 cm, usually shorter than blade; blade usually elliptic, spatulate, or obovate to oblanceolate (rarely linear), 5--15(--30) x 0.5--5(--7.5) cm, leathery, base gradually tapered, margins usually entire, sometimes undulate, apex rounded or acute to retuse, cuspidate, cusp 1--3 mm, soon falling; main lateral veins ascending, obscurely pinnate. Inflorescences: axes not winged, 10--60(--95) cm x 1--5 mm, glabrous; nonflowering branchlets absent; spikelets loosely to moderately densely aggregated along branches, internodes 0.5--10 mm; subtending bracts 2--6 mm, obtuse, surfaces and margins glabrous; flowers solitary or 2--3(--5) per spikelet. Flowers: calyx whitish, obconic, 4--6.5(--7.5) mm; tube 2.5--5 mm, glabrous or densely pilose along ribs; lobes erect, to ca. 2 x 1 mm; petals lavender (rarely white), slightly exceeding calyx. Utricles 3--5.5 mm. 2n = 36.

Flowering Jun--Dec. Salt marshes and salt flats along Atlantic and Gulf seacoasts; 0 m; N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., P.E.I., Que.**s**; Ala., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., La., Maine, Md., Mass, Miss., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., R.I., S.C., Tex., Va.; Mexico (Tamaulipas); Bermuda.

J. L. Luteyn (1976, 1990) discussed the more or less continuous variation in this polymorphic species. He noted that seedling establishment is rare, and that populations spread primarily by vegetative means from horizontal rhizomes.
2. Limonium limbatum Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 317. 1898
Limonium limbatum var. glabrescens Correll; Statice limbata (Small) K. Schumann
Leaves all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, 10--25 cm; petiole narrowly winged distally, 0.1--9 cm, shorter than blade; blade oblong-spatulate, obovate, or elliptic, 4--16 x 1.5--6.5 cm, leathery, base gradually tapered, margins entire, apex rounded or retuse, often short-cuspidate, cusp less than 1 mm; main lateral veins ascending, obscurely pinnate. Inflorescences: axes not winged, 30--60(--100) cm x 2--3 mm, glabrous; nonflowering branchlets absent; spikelets densely aggregated at tips of branchlets, internodes 0.5--3 mm; subtending bracts 1--5 mm, apex obtuse, surfaces and margins glabrous; flowers 1--3 per spikelet. Flowers: calyx whitish distally, with reddish brown ribs, obconic to slightly funnelform, 3.5--5 mm, ribs usually densely pubescent; tube ca. 3 mm; lobes spreading at maturity, 0.5--1.5 x 1--1.5 mm; petals blue to nearly white, not exceeding calyx. Utricles 2.5--3 mm.

Flowering Jun--Aug. Wet meadows, gypsum soils, salt flats, alkaline depressions in the interior; 400--1800 m; Ariz., N.Mex., Okla., Tex.


3. Limonium californicum (Boissier) A. Heller, Cat. N. Amer. Pl., 6. 1898 * Marsh rosemary
Statice californica Boissier in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr. 12: 643. 1848; Limonium californicum var. mexicanum (S. F. Blake) Munz; L. commune Gray var. californicum (Boissier) Greene; L. mexicanum S. F. Blake
Leaves all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, 10--30 x 1--6 cm; petiole often very narrowly winged, 0.1--12 cm, usually shorter than blade; blade spatulate to oblanceolate or obovate, 7--20 x 1--6 cm, leathery, base gradually tapered and long-decurrent, margins entire to undulate, apex obtuse or rounded, sometimes retuse, rarely cuspidate, if so, cusp less than 0.5 mm; main lateral veins strongly ascending, obscurely pinnate. Inflorescences: axes not winged, 15--60 cm x 2--5 mm, glabrous; nonflowering branches absent; spikelets moderately to densely aggregated, internodes 1--2 mm; subtending bracts 3--6 mm, apex usually acute or apiculate, surfaces and margins glabrous; flowers 1--2 per spikelet. Flowers: calyx whitish distally, with brownish ribs, obconic, ribs glabrous or pilose; tube 4--6 mm; lobes erect at maturity, triangular, ca. 1 mm; petals lavender to whitish, only slightly exceeding calyx. Utricles not seen. 2n = 18.

Flowering Jul--Dec. Coastal strand, salt marshes, sand hills, beaches, bays, alkaline flats; 0--50(--600) m; Calif., Nev., Oreg.; Mexico (Baja California).



Limonium mexicanum (or L. californicum var. mexicanum) has been distinguished on the basis of having glabrous calyces. Plants with glabrous (or nearly glabrous) calyces occur throughout the species range, from Humboldt to San Diego counties, and so the character state seems of dubious taxonomic significance. The two variants seem otherwise indistinguishable.

The sole collection seen from Nevada (Fosberg 14278, UC) was collected at the highest elevation known for the species, on dried alkaline mud flats. J. Morefield (pers. comm.) reported that it has been established in southern Nevada since at least 1898, and so may be native there. Morefield also reported a collection from the Salt River drainage, Gila County, Arizona, but I have not seen that specimen.


4. Limonium perezii (Stapf) F. T. Hubbard, Rhodora 18: 158. 1916
Statice perezii Stapf, Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 22: 116. 1908
Leaves all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, to 30 cm; petiole winged distally, to 18 cm, usually exceeding blade; blade round to broadly ovate or subcordate, to 15 x 9 cm, leathery, base subtruncate (abruptly narrowed) and then decurrent, margins entire, apex cuspidate, cusp to 5 mm, soon falling; main lateral veins pinnate. Inflorescences: axes not winged, to 100 cm x 7 mm, glabrous to puberulent (hairs ca. 0.1 mm); nonflowering branches absent; spikelets moderately to densely aggregated at tips of branches, internodes mostly 2--4 mm; subtending bracts 3--6 mm, acute or aristate (outer) to truncate (inner), ciliate or fimbriate at margins, surfaces glabrous or minutely appressed-pubescent; flowers 1--2 per spikelet. Flowers: calyx blue-purple in distal 1/2, with reddish brown, glabrous ribs, funnelform; tube ca. 5 mm, minutely pubescent along proximal end of ribs (hairs less than 0.1 mm); lobes spreading, ca. 5 mm (5 main lobes with shallower lobes between larger lobes), or lobes indistinct and calyx appearing erose or irregularly lobed at mouth; petals whitish, barely exceeding calyx. Utricles 4--5 mm. 2n = 14.

Flowering Mar--Sep. Disturbed coastal areas, cliffs, sand dunes, roadsides (where it is sometimes planted); 0--100 m; introduced; Calif.; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands).


5. Limonium arborescens Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 395. 1891
Leaves all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, sessile or with very short petiole; blade entire, oblanceolate, 15--35 x 5--10 cm, leathery, base tapered gradually to narrow or broad wing, margins entire, apex rounded, cuspidate, cusp 1--2 mm, soon falling; main lateral veins pinnate. Inflorescences: axes broadly 2--3-winged, to 100+ cm x 8 mm, glabrous or pubescent (hairs ca. 0.2 mm), wings to ca. 7 mm wide, leaflike, net-veined, variable in width, interrupted at branch points, leaflike appendages absent; nonflowering branches absent; spikelets moderately to densely aggregated at tips of branches, internodes mostly 3--8 mm; subtending bracts 5--7 mm, acute to truncate at tips, margins and surfaces glabrous or often densely pubescent or fimbriate; flowers 1--2 per spikelet. Flowers: calyx blue-purple in distal 1/2, with reddish brown, short-pubescent ribs, funnelform; tube 5--6 mm, expanded portion 5--7 mm, lobes indistinct, glabrous; petals whitish, barely exceeding calyx.

Flowering Mar--Oct. Disturbed urban areas, coastal lagoons, roadsides, dunes, vacant lots; 0 m; introduced; Calif.; Atlantic Islands (Canary Islands).


6. Limonium otolepis (Schrenk) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 396. 1891
Statice otolepis Schrenk, Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 1: 362. 1843
Leaves in basal rosettes and on inflorescence axes, leaves in rosettes dead before anthesis; petiole 3--8 cm, +/- equaling blade; blade obovate to oblong, 3--8 x 1.5--3 cm, base tapered, margins +/- entire, apex unknown, venation not seen; leaves on inflorescence axes sessile, clasping stems, blade +/- round, less than 3 cm. Inflorescences: axes not winged, sometimes angled, 40--80+ cm x 2--3 mm, glabrous; nonflowering branches present, especially in proximal part, slender; spikelets densely aggregated at branch tips, internodes 1--2 mm; subtending bracts whitish, 1--2 mm, truncate, surfaces and margins glabrous; flowers 1--2(--3) per spikelet. Flowers: calyx whitish distally, with reddish brown ribs, obconic, proximal 1/2 pilose between and on ribs (hairs 0.2--0.4 mm); tube +/- 1.5--2 mm; lobes 0.5--0.7 x 0.5--0.7 mm; petals blue to whitish, ca. 0.5 mm, exceeding tube. Utricles 1--2 mm. 2n = 18.

Flowering Sep--Feb. Disturbed coastal and urban areas, especially salt marshes, roadsides; 0--100 m; introduced; Calif.; w, c Asia.

The name Limonium perfoliatum (Karelin ex Boissier) Kuntze, usually now treated as a synonym of L. reniforme (Girard) Linczevski, was misapplied to this species by J. T. Howell et al. (1958) and P. A. Munz (1968).
7. Limonium sinuatum (Linnaeus) Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Limonium no. 6. 1768
Statice sinuata Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 276. 1753
Leaves all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, 6--16 x 1.5--3 cm; petiole to ca. 5 cm, shorter than blade; blade oblanceolate, 6--12 cm x 1.5--36 mm, herbaceous to chartaceous, base tapered to a sinuate wing, margins pinnately lobed to 1--3 mm from midrib (lobes mostly 4--6 per side, broadest near apex), apex cuspidate, cusp 1--3 mm, soon falling; main lateral veins pinnate. Inflorescences: axes narrowly 3--5-winged, 20--40
(--50) cm x 3--5 mm, hispid (hairs to 1.5 mm), wings to 3 mm wide, each with +/- leaflike, linear, hispid appendage 2--8 x 0.2--0.5 cm usually at branch points; nonflowering branches absent, spikelets moderately to densely aggregated at branch tips; internodes mostly 5--10 mm; subtending bracts 5--10 mm, narrowly acuminate or often awned at tips, surfaces and margins hispid; flowers 1--3 per spikelet. Flowers: calyx blue to lavender distally, funnelform, glabrous or minutely hairy on tube, lobes not distinct, expanded portion spreading, 5--7 mm, erose; petals pale yellow, exceeding calyx 2--4 mm. Utricles ca. 5 mm. 2n = 16, 18.

Flowering Mar--Oct. Disturbed coastal areas, vacant lots, old fields, roadsides; 0-300 m; introduced; Calif.; Mediterranean region; w Asia.


8. Limonium ramosissimum (Poiret) Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 27: 244. 1936
Statice ramosissima Poiret, Voy. Barbarie 2: 142. 1789; Limonium psilocladon (Boissier) Kuntze; Statice psiloclada Boissier
Leaves more than 10, all in basal rosettes, living at anthesis, essentially sessile; blade obovate, 2--4 x 0.7--1.4 cm, base tapered, margins +/- entire, apex rounded; main veins 1--3 per leaf, +/- parallel, not obviously pinnate. Inflorescences: axes not winged or angled, 15--25 cm x 1--1.5 mm, glabrous; nonflowering branches absent; spikelets moderately to densely aggregated at branch tips, internodes 2--3 mm; subtending bracts 1.5--5 mm, rounded to broadly acute, surfaces and margins glabrous; flowers 1--2 per spikelet. Flowers: calyx whitish distally with reddish brown ribs, funnelform, 4--5 mm, glabrous; tube 3--4 mm, lobes spreading, 1 x 1 mm; petals lavender to pink, exceeding calyx ca. 2--3 mm. Utricles unknown. 2n = 24, 27.

Flowering Jun. Coastal salt marshes; 0 m; introduced; Calif.; Mediterranean region.



Limonium ramosissimum is abundantly naturalized in Carpenteria Salt Marsh, Santa Barbara County (C. F. Smith 1998). Its identification is somewhat problematic, for lack of comparative material in American herbaria and the immense size and complexity of the genus in Mediterranean areas; our plants appear to match specimens identified and keyed as Limonium ramosissimum from southern Europe and northern Africa, but further study is needed. S. Pignatti (1972) recognized five subspecies in that polymorphic species, and E. McClintock (as reported by Smith) identified our adventive as subsp. provinciale (Pignatti) Pignatti; however, it seems premature to assign our taxon to any of the subspecies without detailed comparison with European material. Plants have been seen in California nurseries and gardens under the name L. psilocladon (Boissier) Kuntze (as “psiloclada”), generally regarded as a synonym of L. ramosissimum. Another very similar species is L. hyblaeum Brullo, native to Sicily, which is thought to be naturalized around harbors and coastal marshes in southern Australia (D. B. Foreman et al. 1993--1999, vol. 3; J. Edmondson, pers. comm.). At its present naturalized location, L. ramosissimum may be a threat to the endangered Cordylanthus maritimus Nuttall, with which it grows (W. R. Ferren Jr., pers. comm.).

Another introduced and naturalized Limonium, as yet unidentified to species and probably from Mediterranean regions, has recently been collected in salt marshes in San Diego County, (Lawhead 32, SD, UC). It is similar in stature and inflorescence characters to L. ramosissimum but differs in having longer, thinner-textured leaves to 8 x 1 cm, with more gradually attenuate bases and apiculate blades, each having a single medial vein. It appears that non-native species of Limonium are being grown by the cut-flower industry in the area, escaping, and establishing, perhaps to the detriment of native species.


3. PLUMBAGO Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 151. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 75. 1754 * Leadwort [Latin plumbago, a leadlike ore, alluding to historical use as a cure for lead poisoning]
Alan R. Smith
Plants perennial shrubs or suffrutescent herbs; roots not known. Stems erect, prostrate, or climbing, ribbed. Leaves cauline, sessile or short-petiolate (petiole usually less than 1.5 cm); blade elliptic to oblanceolate or spatulate, base narrowed, margins entire, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse, membranaceous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary spikelike racemes or panicles. Pedicels 2-bracteolate, short. Flowers sometimes heterostylous, short-pedicellate; bracts absent; calyx persistent, 5-ribbed, tubular, with stalked, capitate-glandular protuberances along ribs; lobes triangular, 1--2 mm; corolla salverform, evenly to somewhat unevenly 5-lobed, lobes spreading, obovate, round, or truncate, mucronate; stamens included or exserted, free from corolla; style 1 included or exserted; stigmas 5, linear. Fruits capsules, included, brownish, long-beaked; valves coherent at apex. x = 7.

Species 12 (2 in the flora); tropical and subtropical regions, North America, Central America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa.

Several species of Plumbago are cultivated, including P. auriculata. The entire plant of that species, especially the root, contains plumbagin, a toxic naphthoquinone derivative (oil of plumbago), which may cause severe skin irritation or blistering in humans and may also be toxic to other animals (T. C. Fuller and E. McClintock 1986).

The remarkable glands on the calyces of Plumbago are often called “glandular hairs,” but they are not true hairs, being much more massive and multicellular structures with enlarged, capitate apices.


1. Corollas pale blue, tube 2 or more times length of calyx; calyces with stipitate, glandlike protuberances and hairs; inflorescences compact, 2.5--3(--5) cm; plants cultivated and locally naturalized in Florida.....1. Plumbago auriculata

1. Corollas white, tube mostly less than 2 times length of calyx; calyces with stipitate, glandlike protuberances, true hairs absent; inflorescences elongate, 3--15(--30) cm; plants native.....2. Plumbago zeylanica


1. Plumbago auriculata Lamarck in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 2: 270. 1786 * Cape leadwort
Plumbago capensis Thunberg
Plants evergreen shrubs. Stems erect, trailing, or climbing, diffusely branched, to 3+ m, glabrous or pubescent on youngest shoots. Leaves usually sessile, sometimes short-petiolate; blade elliptic, oblanceolate, or spatulate, (1--)2.5--9 x 0.5--2.5 cm, base usually long-attenuate, sometimes auriculate, apex acute or obtuse, mucronate. Inflorescences 2.5--3(--5) cm, rachises short-pilose (hairs ca. 0.1 mm), eglandular; floral bracts lanceolate, 3--9 x 1--2 mm. Flowers 3-stylous; calyx 10--13 mm, tube usually short-pilose and with stalked, capitate, glandlike protuberances ca. 1 mm along distal 1/2--3/4 of ribs; corolla pale blue, 37--53 mm, tube 28--40 mm (more than 2 times length of calyx), lobes 10--16 x 6--15 mm; stamens included or exserted. Capsules 8 mm. Seeds brown, 7 mm. 2n = 14 + 0--1B.

Flowering year-round. Hummocks, thickets, disturbed sites in dry soil; 0--50 m; introduced; Fla.; s Africa.



Plumbago auriculata is frequently cultivated in Mediterranean-type warmer climates, especially in California, Arizona, and Texas.
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