Flora of North America North of Mexico Guide for Contributors—May 2006
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1Hawaii is treated as a region of the Pacific Islands, e.g., Pacific Islands (Hawaii). 2If found in both Newfoundland and Labrador; if found in Newfoundland only: Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.); if found in Labrador only: Nfld. and Labr. (Labr.). 3Specify location within province or state by adding a map dot placement indicator between two pairs of asterisks (see 2.15 for details). 2.15. Maps and dot placement indicators Distribution in the printed volumes will be illustrated using political boundary dot maps. A single dot will be placed in the center of each of the lower 48 states and the smaller Canadian provinces (New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) in which the taxon occurs. In the case of the larger Canadian provinces and Greenland, a dot’s position can vary to indicate northern and southern distributions. In the case of Alaska, a dot’s position can vary to indicate northern, southern, eastern, or western distributions. The occurrence of a taxon in the Aleutian Islands (AI) and/or the panhandle (PH) area of Alaska adjacent to British Columbia may also be indicated by a dot. Maps will be derived from distribution statements the authors provide for each species or infraspecies. For species with regionally restricted distributions in Alaska, the larger Canadian provinces, and Greenland, add a dot placement indicator between two pairs of asterisks (see above). Please add the **c** dot placement indicator for those species or infraspecies that are throughout the political unit, so that it will be apparent that the dot for that unit has been indicated. Dot placement indicators will be stripped from the manuscript before publication. In the North American distribution include dot placement indicators for the maps for Greenland and the large Canadian provinces Alta., B.C., Man., N.W.T., Nunavut, Ont., Que., Sask., and Yukon. Use one of the following: **c** for the entire province, **n** for the northern part, or **s** for the southern part. Distribution for the state of Alaska requires one or more of the following map dot placement indicators: **c** ——following Alaska for a dot in the central part of the main area of Alaska, which indicates the entire state exclusive of the Aleutian Islands and the panhandle adjacent to northern British Columbia **e** ——following Alaska for a dot in the eastern part of Alaska **n** ——following Alaska for a dot in the northern part of Alaska **s** ——following Alaska for a dot in the southern part of Alaska **w** ——following Alaska for a dot in the western part of Alaska **AI** ——following Alaska for a dot in the Aleutian Islands exclusive of a possible dot in the main part of Alaska and/or the Alaskan panhandle **PH** ——following Alaska for a dot in the panhandle of Alaska exclusive of a possible dot in the main part of Alaska and/or the Aleutian Islands
Discussion, in complete sentences, may follow descriptions at any rank. Support statements by citation of the pertinent literature. Use taxon name rather than “This family,” “This genus,” etc., in discussions. Discussion of a family may include the following discretionary items, presented in the order below: unusual morphologic features (including pollen and pollination if relevant) and morphologic problems that pertain to the description; explanation and justification of differences with previous taxonomies; relationships to closely related families; ecology and biogeography; fossil record; economic, ethnobotanic, or pharmaceutical importance; taxa excluded from the flora Discussion of a genus, species, or infraspecies may include (but is not limited to) the following points: protected status, uses, weedy nature, toxicity, noteworthy distribution features (e.g., nature of introduction, endemism, restricted or expected range, historical or doubtful records), biologic interactions, relationships and taxonomic problems, excluded taxa and names If known, describe briefly the means of introduction and persistence of populations. Terms such as “waif” or “adventive” should be avoided. Authors who expect a species to occur in a particular state, province, or territory, although documentation is lacking, may mention the discrepancy in discussion. Specimen vouchers that are particularly noteworthy may be mentioned in discussion. Following a family or genus treatment, list invalid names used as accepted names in recent floras or monographs for plants in the flora. Provide their bibliographic citation and reasons for their exclusion. See, for example, Volume 3. The first time a generic name appears in a discussion paragraph, spell it out in full. Subsequently, abbreviate it to the first letter, unless it is the first word of a sentence or the paragraph refers to two genera beginning with the same letter. Spell out place names in discussions (and keys); spell out compass directions in discussions (not keys). 2.17 Citation of literature Following the discussion paragraph of the family, include a paragraph of pertinent Selected References. Selected References for a genus, species, and infraspecies entry are optional. Include works, other than “standard” floras, that are directly and significantly relevant to the occurrence of the taxon in the flora. Use in-text citations for scholarly attribution of information given in the treatment. Provide full citations for these works in a list of Other References following the manuscript; begin each bibliographic entry on a separate line. All Other References must be cited in the text. Robert Kiger will remove duplicated citations, edit, and coordinate the Selected References and Other References, which form the Literature Cited of each volume and the composite bibliography. Use the author-date format for in-text citations and provide authors’ initials. For works with three or more authors, use the “First Author et al.” format. Examples: (D. K. Smith 1988) (R. E. Woodson Jr. 1953) (L. Lesquereux and T. P. James 1884) (N. W. Uhl et al. 1995) (E. B. Bartram 1934; G. L. Smith 1971) According to S. B. Hoot (1994) 3. Suggested references for style, nomenclatural citations, and literature citations Editors will assist with manuscript format and style, which are based on recent editions of The Chicago Manual of Style and the references given below. Spell out surname(s) of author(s) of taxonomic names and include initials as given by R. K. Brummitt and C. E. Powell’s (eds.) Authors of Plant Names, which is also available online (http://www.ipni.org). Titles of periodicals usually are abbreviated according to G. D. R. Bridson and E. R. Smith’s B-P-H (Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum) and to B-P-H/S (Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum/Supplementum). Book titles usually are abbreviated according to F. A. Stafleu and R. S. Cowan’s TL-2 (Taxonomic Literature, ed. 2) and to F. A. Stafleu and E. A. Mennega’s supplement. If titles of publications are not in those references, or if references are not available, spell out full title. For a Linnaean genus name dating from Species Plantarum (1753) provide the corresponding citation for Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1754).
ed. edition, editor eds. editors et al. and others fig. figure figs. figures no. number nos. numbers n. s. new series p. page
pp. pages ser. series vol. volume vols. volumes 4.2 Nomenclatural abbreviations sect. section(s) sp. species singular spp. species plural subsp. subspecies singular subspp. subspecies plural subfam. subfamily(-ies) subg. subgenus(-era) var. variety(-ies) forma forma 4.3 Measurement abbreviations cm centimeter(s) dm decimeter(s) diam. diameter(s) m meter(s) mm millimeter(s) \um micrometer(s) ——will be changed to the µm symbol during pre-press production
Use sparingly the abbreviation for approximately (ca.) for counts, e.g., flowering for ca. 10 days, florets ca. 50 per head. Abbreviate compass directions in keys (e.g., sc United States), but not in discussions (e.g., south-central United States).
Do use ° (degree symbol) Do not use < or >; instead use “less than” or “greater than”; “fewer than” or “more than.” Do use & (ampersand) to link multiple authorities or collectors; do not use & to link multiple authors of publications The following keyboard substitutions should be used ubstead of symbols (the keyboard substitutions will be replaced during pre-press production) -- – (en dash, used in ranges) --- — (em dash, rarely used) +/- ± (more or less) * · (bullet) x × (multiplication symbol with a space on each side) x\ × (multiplication symbol for named hybrid; e.g., Ambrosia x\helenae) \x × (multiplication symbol for magnification factor; e.g., 20\x hand lens) \um µm (micrometer) ... 3 periods used for an ellipsis that does not end a sentence .... 4 periods used for an ellipsis that ends a sentence ….. 5 periods (for tab preceding taxon number and name in key) Appendix A. Minimum Characters for All Family Descriptions Family descriptions must contain, but are not limited to, the following characters: GENERAL Habit and persistence (e.g., annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, shrubs, trees, vines) LEAVES Arrangement (e.g., opposite, alternate, basal) Leaf architecture (e.g., simple, compound) Stipules
Petioles LEAF BLADES Architecture (e.g., pinnate, palmate, ×-foliolate) INFLORESCENCES Position
Type (e.g., racemes, umbels, cymes, or solitary flowers) FLOWERS Sex distribution pattern (e.g., bisexual, unisexual on different plants) Architecture Symmetry* (e.g., radially/bilaterally symmetric) PERIANTHS (if sepals and petals indistinguishable) Number or absence Position/insertion Connation/adnation Symmetry
Number or absence Position/insertion Connation/adnation Symmetry (and differences between whorls, if applicable)*
Number or absence Position/insertion Connation/adnation Symmetry (and differences between whorls, if applicable)*
Number or absence (of stamens and staminodes) Position/insertion Connation/adnation Symmetry (and differences between whorls, if applicable)* Pollen (only for families with very unusual pollen, e.g., Asclepiadaceae, Orchidaceae) PISTILS Number
Architecture (e.g., 3-carpellate) Ovaries
Number of locules Placentation Style number Stigma number FRUITS Type
Dehiscence *Usually give symmetry for flower as a whole. Where symmetry differs from whorl to whorl, note it for each of the differing whorls. Appendix B. Sample Treatment The sample treatment below is not intended to illustrate all of the general instructions for preparing treatments. The treatment is single-spaced here to save space but new treatments should be submitted double-spaced. The nonproportional font Courier New should be used if possible. Please refer to recently published volumes or contact an editor (volume, taxon, technical, or managing editor) if particular questions arise. 45. PLUMBAGINACEAE Jussieu * Leadwort Family Nancy R. Morin Herbs or shrubs [lianas], perennial or, rarely, annual; taprooted or rhizomatous. Stems woody stocks, acaulescent, or erect to prostrate, nodes swollen; indument of simple hairs, capitate glands that may secrete water or calcium salts, or multicelled glandlike structures. Leaves often basal, alternate, spiralled; stipules absent; petiole present or absent; blade linear to broadly obovate, ovate, or round, margins entire or lobed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary cymes, panicles, racemes, or corymbs, or solitary heads; bracts herbaceous, scarious, sometimes absent; involucral bracteoles (epicalyces) immediately subtending calyces usually present. Pedicels absent or present (short). Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals persistent in mature fruits, 5, connate into 5- or 10-ribbed tube, mostly dry and membranous, sometimes petaloid, toothed or with distinct simple or lobed limbs; petals 5, nearly distinct, connate at bases or for most of their length (corolla salverform); blade clawed or claw absent, margins entire; corona absent; stamens 5; filaments adnate to bases of petals or free; ovary superior, 1-locular, placentation basal; ovules 1 per ovary, anatropous, bitegmic, crassinucellate; styles 1 with apically lobed stigma, or 5, each with linear stigma. Fruits utricles, achenes, or capsules. Seeds 1, embryo straight, endosperm present or absent. Genera 24, species ca. 775 (3 genera, 11 species in the flora): worldwide, especially maritime areas. A report of Ceratostigma plumbaginioides Bunge from Missouri is based on a single specimen collected in an alley in Columbia, Boone County (D. B. Dunn 1982) and probably is not naturalized, according to George Yatskievych (pers. comm.), who considers that it probably has not persisted. J. H. Schaffner (1932) reported the same species as a waif in Lake County, Ohio. T. C. Cooperrider (1995) cited that report and indicated that he had not seen a specimen. Cultivated Ceratostigma seems to have the potential for becoming naturalized. Ceratostigma resembles Plumbago but has stamens adnate to the corolla tube and a nonglandular calyx. Plumbaginaceae may be a sister group to Polygonaceae (M. D. Lledó et al. 1998). It includes some plants of horticultural value, including Ceratostigma, Armeria, Limonium, and Plumbago. Some species of Plumbago and Limonium have medicinal uses. Plumbaginaceae often occur in saline habitats; basal leaves may have glands that excrete calcareous or chalklike salts. Some species of Armeria occur on soils rich in lead or on mine tailings. The family’s Latin and common names derive from an early belief that the plants could cure lead poisoning. Selected references Carlquist, S. and C. J. Biggs. 1996. Wood anatomy of Plumbaginaceae. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 123: 135--147. Lledó, M. D. et al. 1998. Systematics of Plumbaginaceae based upon cladistic analysis of rbcL sequence data. Syst. Bot. 23: 21--29. Luteyn, J. L. 1990. The Plumbaginaceae in the flora of the southeastern United States. Sida 14: 169--178. 1. Inflorescences dense hemispheric heads terminal on leafless scape; leaf blades mostly linear to lanceolate.....1. Armeria, p. xxx 1. Inflorescences terminal or axillary racemes, panicles, or corymbs; leaf blades elliptic to oblong to round, rarely linear. 2. Plants acaulescent; petals nearly distinct; stamens adnate to bases of petals.....2. Limonium, p. xxx 2. Plants with stems erect, prostrate, or climbing; petals connate for most of their length, corollas salverform; stamens free from petals.....3. Plumbago, p. xxx 1. ARMERIA Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 1: 333. 1809 * Thrift [Celtic ar mor, at seaside, alluding to habitat] Claude Lefèbvre Xavier Vekemans Plants herbs, perennial, scapose, acaulescent; taprooted, rootstocks branched, woody. Leaves in basal rosettes, sessile; blade linear to linear-spatulate [lanceolate], narrowed or straight to base, margins entire. Scapes glabrous or densely pubescent, sometimes rugose, enclosed by tubular leafless sheath at apex. Inflorescences solitary, apical, dense hemispheric heads of scorpioid cymes, each surrounded by involucre of scarious bracts. Pedicels absent or present (short). Flowers monomorphic or dimorphic (in pollen and stigma characteristics); calyx 10-ribbed, funnel-shaped; tube usually pubescent on ribs only or all around, rarely glabrous, limbs membranaceous, awned or not; petals slightly connate basally, white to deep purple; filaments adnate to base of corolla; anthers included; styles 5, free, hairy proximally; stigmas linear, papillate or smooth. Fruits dry, enclosed in persistent calyces, dehiscing transversely. x = 9. Species ca. 50 (1 in the flora): North America, s South America, Europe, w Asia (n Siberia), n Africa. Armeria is known to be taxonomically difficult. Species concepts vary among authors. About 50 species can be recognized according to A. R. Pinto da Silva (1972). SELECTED REFERENCES Bernis, F. 1952. Revisión del género Armeria Willd. con especial referencia a los grupos Ibéricos. Anales Inst. Bot. Cavanilles 11(2): 5--287. Lawrence, G. H. M. 1940. Armerias, native and cultivated. Gentes Herb. 4: 391--418. Lawrence, G. H. M. 1947. The genus Armeria in North America. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 37: 751--779. Lefèbvre, C. 1974. Population variation and taxonomy in Armeria maritima with special reference to heavy-metal tolerant populations. New Phytol. 73: 209--219. Lefèbvre, C. and X. Vekemans. 1995. A numerical taxonomic study of Armeria maritima (Plumbaginaceae) in North America and Greenland. Canad. J. Bot. 73: 1583--1595. 1. Armeria maritima (Miller) Willdenow, Enum. Pl. 1: 333. 1809 Statice maritima Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Statice no. 3. 1768 Rootstock erect. Leaf blades 1--15 cm x 0.5--3 mm, base 1- or +/- 3-veined, faces glabrous or hairy. Scapes erect, 2--60 cm, glabrous or hairy. Inflorescences: involucral sheath 5--32 mm; outermost involucral bract ovate to triangular-lanceolate, 4--14 mm, shorter than, equaling, or exceeding head, mucronate or not; heads 13--28 mm diam. Flowers monomorphic, with all stigmas papillate and pollen reticulate, or dimorphic, with papillate stigmas and finely reticulate pollen or smooth stigmas and coarsely reticulate pollen; calyx tube hairy on and between ribs (holotrichous), on ribs only (pleurotrichous), or glabrous (atrichous); teeth triangular to shallowly triangular, awned or not; corolla pink to white; petals showy and exceeding calyx or reduced and included in calyx. 2n = 18. Subspecies 10 (4 in the flora): North America, Eurasia. 1. Flowers dimorphic, papillate stigmas associated with finely reticulate pollen and smooth stigmas associated with coarsely reticulate pollen .....1a. Armeria maritima subsp. maritima 1. Flowers monomorphic, stigmas all papillate with coarsely reticulate pollen. 2. Inflorescence sheath lengths usually 0.75 times diam. of flower heads; outer involucral bracts almost equaling or exceeding flower head; scapes glabrous; calyces hairy on ribs.....1b. Armeria maritima subsp. californica 2. Inflorescence sheath lengths usually 0.5--0.75 times diam. of flower heads; outer involucral bracts 0.5--0.75 times flower head; scapes glabrous or hairy; calyces hairy throughout, on ribs only, or glabrous. 3. Calyces hairy throughout or on ribs only; scapes glabrous or hairy; leaf blades hairy or glabrous..... 1c. Armeria maritima subsp. sibirica 3. Calyces glabrous; scapes glabrous; leaf blades glabrous .....1d. Armeria maritima subsp. interior 1a. Armeria maritima (Miller) Willdenow subsp. maritima Leaf blades hairy or glabrous. Scapes hairy. Inflorescences: sheath length 0.33--0.75 times diam. of flower head; outer involucral bracts much shorter than flower head. Flowers dimorphic: papillate stigmas associated with finely reticulate pollen; smooth stigmas associated with coarsely reticulate pollen; calyx hairy throughout or on ribs only. 2n = 18. Flowering late spring--early summer. Maritime rocks, cliffs; 0 m; Greenland**s**; Oreg.; Europe. Populations of subsp. maritima occur mainly in coastal salt marshes, cliffs, rocks, and pastures in northwestern Europe and have their most western extension in southern Greenland, below 62°N latitude. It is introduced and naturalized at Yaquina Head.
Flowering mid spring--mid summer. Maritime rocks, cliffs, sandy bluffs, sandy dunes; 0--200 m; B.C.**s**; Calif., Oreg., Wash. In northern Washington and on Vancouver Island, populations with hairy leaves have been called Armeria maritima var. purpurea (Koch) G. H. M. Lawrence, a dimorphic-flowered taxon from central Europe. The American monomorphic-flowered specimens thought to belong to var. purpurea are not distinct from subsp. californica, except for their hairy leaves. We include hairy-leaved specimens in subsp. californica.
Flowering summer. Gravelly tundras, flood plains, lakes and seashores, alpine meadows; 0--1200 m; Greenland**c**; Man.**n**, Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T.**c**, Nunavut**n**, Ont.**n**, Yukon**n**; Alaska**c**, Colo.; Eurasia. The population of subsp. sibirica in Colorado is found on Hoosier Ridge. Plants with calyces hairy throughout and hairy scapes appear in eastern North America east of approximately 100°W longitude mixed with plants with hairy calyx ribs and glabrous scapes. Plants from this area have been called var. labradorica; there is no taxonomic reason for this recognition (C. Lefèbvre and X. Vekemans 1995). |