Federal Republic of Nigeria Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Staple Crop Processing Zones Support Project (scpz)

Agricultural activities

1. 
   Environmental
   

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  Interference on biodiversity conservation (changes in flora and fauna)
  
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  Cultivation of only cassava may alter natural vegetation;
  
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  Fire prevention and control
  

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  Avoid environmentally sensitive sites and unnecessary exposure or access to sensitive habitat;
  
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  Consult Forestry Department in the selection and use of such sites;
  
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  Maintain adequate buffer zones of at least 1km around the forest reserves where investment should not take place within the SCPZ/ABIR. Educate and train community on firefighting, prevention and use of equipment and implement regular drills
  
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  Make as an agenda to revegetate the deforested forest reserve shall be developed
  
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  Avoid killing of bush meats
  

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  Alterations of local natural water cycles/ hydrology
  
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  Weirs create a barrier across the river that can lead to water rationing for the downstream riparian communities
  
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  Weirs can be dangerous with regard to safety
  
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  Water quality issues
  

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  Promote buffer zones of at least 500m along the local streams to serve as natural filters for surface runoff from the cultivated areas.
  
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  No weir should be constructed without first investigating if there is an alternative that will achieve the objective without compromising other interests.
  
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  Weirs must be robust structures in order to withstand the hydraulic forces to which they are subjected
  
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  Consider the safety of all parties from the outset.
  

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  Cassava cultivation continuous growth deplete soil fertility and grown on slope provides little protection from the direct impact of rainfall
  
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  Changes in soil nutrient cycles (fertility and carbon storage capacity)
  
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  Soil structure and surface layer disruption due to agronomic practices
  

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  Ensure better soil/crop management
  
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  Apply integrated crop/soil management that increase yields and reduce erosion
  
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  Intercrop with maize, peanut, bean, cowpea, melon and pumpkin
  
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  Avoid cultivation on slopes and maintain vegetation of such areas
  
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  Avoid broadcasting of fertilizers
  
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  Degradation due to vehicular movement, mobilization of equipment
  
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  Deterioration from burning of biomass of cleared forest and addition of carbon into atmosphere
  

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  Ensure that vehicles and other equipment are regularly inspected according to scheduled maintenance for proper exhaust emission.
  
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  Train drivers to minimize speed limits on earthen roads in dry periods, especially
  
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  Avoid burning of biomass as much as possible and use fire only in situations where this is least environmental damaging.
  
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  Biomass generated should be made available as fire wood and also as pegs around plots of farms
  

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  Cassava is a drought-tolerant crop but long drought affects its growth especially when it occurs after planting
  
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  Cassava tubers rot if waterlogging stays longer than a week
  

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  Delay until the rains come If drought happens before planting or use irrigation.
  
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  Plant cassava in raised rows that is adaptable to waterlogging.
  
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  Encourage all farmers to use diverse agroforestry systems that provide positive benefits in terms of productive outputs (fruits, leaves, etc inter-spatially) as well as other beneficial ecosystem services (nutrient recycling, etc).
  
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  Adapt farming system to climate change
  

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  Lethal and sub-lethal impacts on other non-target biota;
  
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  ‘Pesticide treadmill’- higher and higher doses of pesticides required to control pest populations that develop resistance and elimination of pest predators.
  
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  Washed out of soils, and pollute rivers and groundwater
  
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  Intake of toxic chemicals by plants, animals and humans
  
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  Improper use, contamination by high exposure due to no or poor precautionary measures leading to health impacts
  

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  Encourage use of organic farming practices when possible
  
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  Encourage eco-friendly technologies-Integrated Pest Management (See IPMP prepared for this SCPZ & ABIR)
  
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  Intercrop with legumes as much as possible.
  
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  Avoid uuncontrolled mass spraying of fungicides will be avoided.
  
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  Discourage the use of herbicides.
  
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  Train farmers in insecticide and fungicides applications and use of PPE
  
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  Develop research and extension programs addressing plant disease problems
  
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  Environmental Agency assist farmers and Extension services on Safe handling, Storage and Disposal
  

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  Agricultural waste, fertiliser and chemical containers improper disposal
  

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  Provide means of collecting containers from farmers
  
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  Development a waste management plan which includes salvaging of useable biomass can significantly reduce the volumes of waste that has to be disposed of.
  

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  SOCIAL
  

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  Land acquisition and compensation issues
  
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  increased values in land prices leading to economic displacement of poor land tenants
  

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  Follow the principles set out in the Resettlement Policy Framework
  
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  Ensure continual community consultation
  
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  Conclude all resettlement issues that may arise
  
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  Avoid land speculators and discourage speculation in the area
  
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  Identify tenant farmers and involve them as part of labour for the SCPZ project and as much as possible provide them individual plots to farm in support of the agro processing facilities
  

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  Loss of fallow and agricultural Land
  
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  Loss of employment (land based wage employment and workers)
  
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  Elimination of smallholder farmers
  
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  Increasing demand for lands for farming/ settlements by fringe communities because productive lands not available;
  

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  Follow the principles set out in the Resettlement Policy Framework
  
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  Re-establish affected farmers agricultural activity
  
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  Assist to develop appropriate skills and technology to raise the productive capacity of individual farmers and collectively.
  
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  Ensure continual community consultation
  
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  Conclude all resettlement issues that may arise
  
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  Provides technical training and input to local communities to facilitate access to the length and breadth of local investment in the SCPZ project.
  
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  Utilise existing farmers organsiations and if lacking form farmers into cassava producers association
  
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  Add value to the cassava industry through value addition and creation of market linkages with smallholder farmers with agro-processing centers.
  
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  Avoid settlements
  

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  Chance finds of cultural resources
  
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  Interference with local cultural identity and heritage
  

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  Avoidance of impacts due to project
  
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  Follow the protocol/procedures for “chance finds” in line with
  
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  Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11).
  

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  Restriction and outright loss of grazing ground
  
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  Social exclusion of women or the vulnerable persons
  

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  Continual engage in public consultation
  
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  Incorporate methods within the skills of local people.
  
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  Contractors encouraged using local labour wherever possible.
  
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  Ensure promises to communities are fulfilled; if they prove to be not possible, reasonable alternatives must be negotiated
  
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  Avoid conflicts between farmers and pastoralist by striking an understanding on where to graze cattle and creating corridors for cattle movement
  
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  Ensure development benefits to all communities and groups, regardless of ethnicity, gender, generation, health conditions or socio-economic status.
  
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  Target women and youths, who have often been left out of efforts to increase sustainable livelihoods
  

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  Increase in traffic on the roads
  
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  Accident to people and animals
  

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  Indicate speed limits on the road
  
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  Use seep breakers with adequate signage
  

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  Lack of awareness creation programs on health and safety including chemical handling.
  
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  Unavailability and poor use of personal protective equipment and limited/ no enforcement process
  
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  Influx of people resulting in spread of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and STDs, Pathogenic disease and disease outbreak and Water-Borne and water related Diseases
  
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  Psychosocial disorder
  

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  Prepare and implement an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) plan which will outline procedures for avoiding health and safety incidents and for emergency medical treatment.
  
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  Make it mandatory for all workers within the zone and region to wear suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as appropriate.
  
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  Train workers sufficiently in safe methods of work
  
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  Conduct safety training for pesticide handlers and all agricultural workers which includes handling of agro-chemicals, use of PPE and what to do in the case of pesticide exposure.
  
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  Develop Emergency Response plan and ensure provisions of First Aids boxes
  
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  Create public awareness on HIV/AIDS awareness and treatment and other communicable diseases.
  
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  Conduct health screening
  
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  Conduct Occupational Health Risk Assessment for contractors, personnel and project affected communities (broader effects/health impacts of project activities on communities)
  

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  Safety and security of community informants/ whistle blowers
  
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  Safety and security of project field staff
  

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  Utilise the services of local security in addition to the Nigerian Police
  
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  Train staff on security issues and continually reinforce the awareness.
  

Dealing with waste,

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  Pollution of Waters
  
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  Pollution of environment due to processing with high concentration of organic matter, cyanide and processing chemicals
  
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  Solid wastes Generation lead to foul odor, especially from the final slurry waste and leachates formed by rain
  
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  Visual impacts due to unsightly stagnant ponds and ditches
  
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  Dust emissions from milling operations
  

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  Site facilities away from populated area, water abstraction points or drinking water sources
  
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  Prevent conflict with other users or overburdening the supply system and avoid pollution hotspot zone
  
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  Design a treatment plant
  
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  Avoid release into surface water systems and intall Proper waste water management
  
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  Ensure careful of storage of solid waste
  
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  Store solid waste for a minimum period and develop suitable enterprise linkages for cassava pulp waste
  
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  Use good screening technology to remove dust particles and broken fragments when processing
  
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  Locate chipping factories away from populous areas
  
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  Ensure workers use appropriate PPE to protect their from skin contact with the dust that can cause dermatological problems and from inhalation
  

Transmission Lines, Water supply system, Access Roads,, etc

Site clearing and/or leveling with

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  Damage to sensitive terrestrial ecosystems (changes in flora and fauna)
  
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  Development of bare soil which cause erosion, siltation, changes in natural water flow, and/or damage to aquatic ecosystems
  
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  Endangering of Species (flora and fauna
  

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  In planning routes, involve a multidisciplinary team including (ideally) an ecologist, geo-technical and relevant engineers, soil scientist, hydrologist, and other relevant professionals such as archaeologists or tourism specialists
  
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  Avoid routing across agriculturally productive soils
  
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  Avoid environmentally sensitive sites and unnecessary exposure or access to sensitive habitat;
  
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  Maintain adequate buffer zones of at least 1km around the forest reserves where investment should not take place within the SCPZ/ABIR.
  
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  Identify species that are/likely to be endangered.
  

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  Alterations in local natural water cycles/ hydrology
  
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  Scour and erosion below unprotected drainage out falls
  
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  Disruption of groundwater or drinking or irrigation water
  

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  Promote buffer zones of at least 200m along the local streams to ensure their integrity and protection of other aquatic life forms. The buffer reserves will serve as natural filters for surface runoff from the plantation areas. The reserves will also play a major role in protecting the banks of the waterways from channel erosion.
  
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  Where cutting is unavoidable due to alignment, protection of embankment slopes should be ensured
  
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  Minimize cuts and fills and compensate for impact by protecting wetlands
  
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  Take special precautions to prevent dumping of debris, oil, fuel, sand cement, and similar harmful materials
  
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  Use elevated porous fills (rock-fills) or multiple pipes to maintain natural groundwater and near-surface flow patterns
  
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  Conduct hydrological investigations during project preparation
  
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  Ensure provision of longitudinal and cross drainage as per requirements with proper location of drainage outfall
  
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  Install drainage structures during rather than after construction road construction for instance to avoid onset of erosion
  
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  Redevelopment of quarries in case new quarries are setup for the Project
  
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  knots holding two ends of pipelines shall be firmly fixed with additional means to eliminate leakage gas
  
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  Extraction of water in water scarce areas with consent of community
  
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  Scheduling construction activities as per water availability
  

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  Landslides or other forms of mass instability on slopes
  
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  Development of erosion or gullies
  
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  Crosses of major areas of deep- seated instability
  
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  When excavated soil is piled inappropriately cause erosion, siltation, changes in natural water flow, and damage to aquatic ecosystems
  
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  Destroy valuable ecosystems when fill is inappropriately placed such as on water courses and land subsidence
  
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  Exposure of inhabitants and crew to risk of falls and injuries in excavation pits
  

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  Protection of land on hill side from stability loss due to cutting
  
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  Protection of lands on valley side from debris due to construction
  
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  Adequacy of drainage for erosion control
  
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  Geological/geo-morphological studies conducted to investigate and recommend best available options.
  
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  Civil engineering structures and bio-engineering measures used.
  
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  Avoid undercutting of slope toes.
  
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  Ensure slope stability along hill
  
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  Quarrying prohibited in river beds, where flood discharge is significant.
  
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  Ensure adequate safety precautions generally and kit workers to protect them from being injured by flying or falling rock
  

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  Degradation due to vehicular movement, mobilization of equipment, construction activities such as earthworks,
  
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  Deterioration from burning of biomass from clearing and addition of carbon into atmosphere
  

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  Water the road immediately before compacting to strengthen the road surface, otherwise traffic will soon beat back the road surface to pre-bladed condition
  
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  When possible, delay compacting until the beginning of the wet season or when water becomes more available
  
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  Ensure that vehicles and other equipment are regularly inspected according to scheduled maintenance for proper exhaust emission.
  
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  Train drivers to minimize speed limits on earthen roads in dry periods, especially
  
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  Avoid burning of biomass as much as possible and use fire only in situations where this is least environmental damaging.
  
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  Speed controlled using speed bumps. If water is available, the road surface can be sprayed on a frequent schedule.
  
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  Permanent speed bumps installed in villages and bazaars to reduce traffic speeds in inhabited areas.
  
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  Bitumen surface constructed in bazaars, with speed controls.
  
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  Dense vegetation planted on roadside.
  
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  Work schedule to minimize disturbance.
  
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  Alight public when loud noise will be generated
  

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  Cause erosion due to machinery tracks, damage to roads, stream banks
  
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  Compact soil, change surface and groundwater flows, and adversely affect future use for agriculture
  
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  Contaminate ground or surface water when hydraulic oil, motor oil or other harmful mechanical fluids are spilled or dumped
  
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  Put workers at risk from exposure to hazardous materials
  
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  Spills, leaks or injuries from any type of hazardous material (e.g. bitumen, cement, paint, explosives, fuels, lubricants)
  
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  Improper use, contamination by high exposure, no precautionary measures leading to health impacts
  
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  High volume of waste/spoil
  
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  Spoil tipped away from designated areas and failing or being washed on the farmland
  

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  Maintenance of machinery and equipment to avoid pollution
  
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  Minimize use of heavy machinery
  
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  Set protocols for vehicle maintenance, such as requiring that repairs and fueling occur elsewhere or over impervious surface such as plastic sheeting. Prevent dumping of hazardous materials, and capture leaks or spills with drop cloths or wood shavings. Burn waste oil that is not reusable or readily recyclable and does not contain heavy metals and are flammable. Prohibit use of waste oil as cooking fuel
  
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  Investigate and use less toxic alternative products
  
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  Prevent fuel tank leaks by a) monitoring and cross-checking fuel level deliveries and use, b) checking pipes and joints for leaks c) tightening generator fuel lines, d) preventing over-filling of main storage and vehicle tanks
  
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  Minimize spoil by balancing cut and fill wherever possible
  
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  Safe tipping areas identified and enforced.
  
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  Spoil traps constructed.
  
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  Land owner compensated.
  
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  Checks to ensure that storage is good and that there are no losses or leaks.
  
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  Checks to ensure that protective clothing and safety measures are used.
  

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  Construction and other types of waste generated
  

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  Assess the nature of waste and develop a waste management plan based on waste management hierarchy
  
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  Allow salvaging of useable biomass to reduce the volumes of waste that has to be disposed of.
  

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  SOCIAL
  

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  Displacement due (i) to affected persons living or engaged in livelihood activity within the right of way; or (ii) for technical or safety reasons, the infrastructure route departs from the existing alignment and affects persons living or engaged in livelihood activities with the altered right of way.
  

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  Liaise with the Land Ministry to assist farmers to map their plots and the information documented for future reference;
  
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  Proper arrangements to be made on land tenure systems to be adopted;
  
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  Allow stakeholder consultations to identify best practices and guide implementation in partnership with traditional authorities.
  
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  Maintain Farmers’ right to participate in discussions to allocate parcel of land in the ABIR and price cost of farm produce and other possible benefits/ compensation arrangements
  

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  Damage local habitat, compact soil, and create erosion via building and occupation of construction camp
  
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  Contaminate surface water and spread disease via solid waste and faeces generated by camp Spread communicable diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS via construction crew who come from outside the region
  
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  Introduce alcohol or other socially destructive substances via construction crew
  
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  Adversely affect local flora and fauna (especially game and fuel wood) via poaching and collection by construction crews
  
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  Generate trash due to lack of solid waste management
  

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  Avoidance of sensitive areas for location of construction camps
  
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  Infrastructure arrangements for workers and construction Equipment
  
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  Adequately train the workers on appropriate social behaviours and create general public awareness on HIV/AIDs and other related or communicable diseases
  
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  Instruct workers to restrain from hunting bush meats
  
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  Ensure adequate and good housekeeping
  

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  Need to realign utility supply lines
  
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  Increase in traffic and interruption of local traffic
  

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  Notification of communities and users
  
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  Relocation of utilities, common property resources and cultural properties
  
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  Ensure that all road signs are completed with speed limits zones and traffic signs in place.
  
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  Provide pedestrian pathways within the settlements of the communities.
  

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  Safety and security of community informants/ whistle blowers
  
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  Safety and security of project field staff
  
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  Increased vehicular speed that could lead to significant increases in accident rates for both human and animal populations.
  
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  Operation of machinery endangers both operators and laborers
  
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  Poorly planned borrow pits and quarries pose threats, ranging from falls from quarry faces to drowning in quarry pits that have become standing water reservoirs
  

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  Devise and implement policies and procedures to protect field staff and farmers
  
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  Install safety signs and security alert system along pipeline route
  
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  Train operators and laborers on safe operation of the machines
  
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  Burrow pits shall be located far from project routes.
  

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  Road crew members from other geographic areas can spread various health problems, especially
  
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  HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), to local populations
  
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  Accidents from operation of construction equipment
  
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  Accident due to disorganized site
  
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  Unavailability and poor use of personal protective equipment and limited/ no enforcement process
  
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  Explosion/leakage of gas from pipeline
  

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  Design and implement awareness creation programs to educate persons on protecting workers’ health and safety including paying attention to chemical handling. The Project will require preparation and implementation of an Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) plan which will outline procedures for avoiding health and safety incidents and for emergency medical treatment.
  
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  HIV/AIDS awareness programs
  
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  Develop an Emergency Response plan than includes the provisions of First Aids boxes
  
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  Provide emergency response plan for fire outbreak from pipelines due to vandals, explosions, etc.
  
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  Make it mandatory for all workers within the zone and region to wear suitable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as appropriate.
  
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  Train workers sufficiently in the safe methods pertaining to their area of work to avoid injuries. The use of PPEs to be encouraged and with incentives
  
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  Traffic safety measures installed, such as warning signs, delineators and barriers.
  
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  Awareness of road safety raised among affected communities.
  
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  Road safety audits carried out and recommendations implemented
  

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  Alteration of socio-cultural values and the stability of communities adversely affected by
  
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  Exposure to rapid social change or tourism.
  
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  Graveyards and Sacred Areas
  
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  Excavation may reveal archaeological or other valuable cultural resources which could be physically damaged from construction activities.
  

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  Avoid routing through sites of known paleontological, archeological, historic, religious, or cultural significance
  
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  Any cultural site including sacred groves be well demarcated and the area not cleared for development.
  
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  Necessary cultural rites agreed with community and performed prior to access to grove
  
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  Avoidance of impacts due to project
  
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  Protection of boundaries from impacts due to construction
  
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  Relocation in case impacts are unavoidable
  
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  Specify procedures for archaeological “chance finds” during the course of construction activities in contract document in line with Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11).
  

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  Local people excluded from project activities
  
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  Promises made to local people during feasibility and planning phases
  
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  pastoralists likely to lose grazing grounds for their livestock
  

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  Designs methods within the skills of local people and incorporate them into project activities.
  
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  Ensure Contractors use local labor wherever applicable.
  
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  Checks to ensure that the promises to local people are fulfilled; if they are not realistic, reasonable alternatives shall be negotiated
  
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  Find alternative land for pastoralists to use and create paths for their cattle
  

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  Failure of equipment and facilities
  

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  Monitor and maintain equipment, structures and system.
  
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  Ensure Maintenance contracts that is performance-based with penalties in case of non-compliance with agreed standards (e.g. flouting safety rules,).
  
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  Maintain anti-corrosion of pipelines where metals are used