Egyptian architecture
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| EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
Influences
Ammon (Sun God) Ptah (Creator) Mut (Wife of Ammon) Sekhmet (Goddess of War) Knons ( Sun, Moon God) Nepertem ( Son)
Osiris – God of Death Hathor – Goddess of Love Isis – wife of Orisis Set -God of Evil Horus – sky God Serapis – Bull God
The Pharaohs have been divided into 30 dynasties by: MANETHO W
Tombos Piramesses Abu Simbel Amarna
Deir el Bahri Kush Kingdom Deir el Medina Tutankhamun's Tomb (Tomb of "King Tut") onders of Ancient Egypt
Abu Ghurab Dahshur
Ras Budran Step Pyramid of Djoser The Giza Pyramids The Sphinx
Abydos Karnak
Thebes Luxor Temple Temples of Karnak Serabit el-Khadem Tell el Dab'a
Menes – 1st Dynastic King
Note:
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
EXAMPLES OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
MASTABA - a large ancient Egyptian stone tomb with sloping stone sides and a flat top, built over aburial ground or chamber
Serdab – room for the statue of dead Offering room – with stalae an upright stone slab where the name of the deceased is inscribed
MASTABA 1stone facing 3 tombstone 4 fill 5 shaft
6 masonry seal 7 stone slab 8 burial chamber 9 sarcophagus
Note: Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin Porticuluses – a door separating the main burial ground
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Sakkara ( 2778 BC beginning of third dynasty) – first large-scale monumental stone. Imhoted – architect Pyramid at Meydum – Huni, last king of third dynasty – 7 stepped structure 
PYRAMID COMPLEX 11 sacrificial altar 12 mortuary temple, funerary temple 13 step pyramid, stepped pyramid 14 court
15 south tomb 16 north house 17 south house 18 cult chapel 19 ceremonial or Jubilee court 20 entrance hall, colonnaded hall 21 surrounding wall 22 western platform 
B.Bent Pyramid Bent or South Pyramid of Senefru, Dahshur – (2723BC) – change the angle of inclination halfway up to 54˚ 15 minutes in the lower part to 43˚ in the upper Bent pyramid, rhomboid pyramid, cross section Bent pyramid, Plan C. Slope or True Pyramid North Pyramid of Senefru, Dahshur – actual place of burial of Seneferu- true pyramid –similar angle to that of the upper part of the Bent pyramid Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu), near Cairo – Cheops was the son of Seneferu the 2nd king of the Fourth dynasty. This is the famous and largest of the three on this site. (146.4m high and 230.6m square on plan) Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra) – fourth dynasty, 2nd of the three at Gizeh (216m side and 143m high) (52˚20 minites) Pyramid of Mykerinos ( Menkaura) – fourth dynasty – smaller than its two prodecessors at Gizeh (109m square and 66.5m high) ( 51˚) GREAT PYRAMID ALPHA DRACONIS OSIRIS 1. principal entrance 2. ‘Queen’s Chamber’ 3. great ascending corridor 4. King’s Chamber 5. relieving vault 6. tunnel aligned with holy stars, or air shaft 7. false or unfinished burial chamber 8. dead-end or unfinished tunnel
ROCK-HEWN TOMBS Tombs, Beni Hasan – consist of chamber behind a porticoed façade plainly imitating wooden construction in the character of the eight or sixteen-sided, slightly fluted and tapered columns Tomb of the Kings, Thebes – in the arid mountain on the west side of Nile Ramesses III, IV, IX- served only for the sarcophagus and funerary deposits Ex. (Ramesseum and Hatshetsut temple)
Mortuary Temples– for ministration to deified Pharaohs Cult Temples – for the popular worship of the ancient and mysterious gods Example: Temple of Khons, Karnak – cult temple- characterized by entrance pylons, court hypostyle hall, sanctuary and various chapels, all enclosed by a high girdle wall, the entrance pylon fronted by obelisk Temple of Mentuhetep, Der el- Bahari, Thebes (Middle Kingdom 2065BC)- mortuary temple Temple of Hatshepsut, Del er-Bahari, Thebes – (New Kingdom 1520BC) built by her architect, Senmut – mortuary temple . It is terraced similarly, but her place of burial lay far away in a corridor tomb in the mountains beyond, dedicated to Amun and other gods. Great Temple of Amun, Karnak Thebes – (1530-323BC) the grandest of all Egyptia temple, work of many kings Temple at Luxor, Thebes (1408-1300 BC) – Amenophis III, apart from a great forecourt, with pylons added to Rameses II. It was dedicated to the Theban triad, Amun,Mut and Khons Ramesseum , Thebes (1301 BC) – mortuaty temple Small temple, Abu-Simbel (1301 BC)- by Rameses II, close to the Great temple was dedicated to his deified Queen, Nefertari and the goddess Hathor. The façade is 27.4m wide and 12.2m high, and comprises six niches recessed in the face of the rock and containing 6 statues 10m high, 2 represent Rameses and one Neferteri on each side of the portal which leads to a vestibule and a hall. EGYPTIAN TEMPLES  Egyptian architecture
architecture in ancient Egypt from c.2850 BC to the Roman conquest in 30 BC; it is characterized by stoneburial tombs, massive pylons and geometrical structures, the use of beam and post construction, and elegantly carved and coloured religious and mythical motifs Old Kingdom the age of pyramid builders; the period of the 3rd to 6th dynasties of ancient Egyptian culture from 2778–2423 BC, characterized by monumental stone edifices, mastabas, pyramids, sphinxes and the first sun temples with obelisks and lotus, papyrus and palm columns Middle Kingdom the period of ancient Egyptian culture during the 11th and 12th dynasties from 2150–1785 BC, in architecture characterized by modest brick-filled pyramids, sun and mortuary temples, Hathor columns and the rock-tombs of private citizens New Kingdom the period of Egyptian culture during the time of the 18th to 20th dynasties, from 1580–1085 BC, characterized in architecture by the Amarna period and its temples, palaces, private dwellings and rock tombs
2. forecourt 3. birth house, mammisi 4. kiosk
5. pylon temple 6. 2nd pylons, c.1320 BC 7. hypostyle hall, c.1290–1250 BC 8. 3rd pylons 9. obelisks 10. 4th pylons 12. 5th pylons 13. 6th pylons 14. barque temple 15. temple court (Middle Kingdom) 16. festival hall 17. holy of the holies 18. ambulatory `Botanical garden´ 
C  OMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Simplicity, Solidity, Grandeur,
EGYPTIAN COLUMNS AND CAPITALS 
A. obelisk B. pyramidion C. palm capital, palmiform (plume capital ) D. papyrus capital, papyriform E. bud capital, closed bud capital, closed capital F. bell capital, blossom capital, campaniform, open capital G. lotus capital, lotiform, lily capital H. tent-pole capital obelisk an Egyptian monolithic four-sided standing stone, tapering to a pyramidical cap (a pyramidion), often inscribed with hieroglyphs anderected as a monument benben an ancient Egyptian short, slender obelisk with a polygonal cross section, symbolic of the rising sun and regeneration of life, often acult object of sun-worship in a sun temple lotus, lily forms of flowering lily [Nymphaea lotus (white lotus), Nymphaea caerulea (blue lotus), Nelumbo nucifera etc.] sacred in ancient Egyptian, Buddhist and Hindu culture; the blue water lily (Nymphaea caerulea) was the heraldic plant of Upper Egypt (Nile Valley)
an ornamental motif found in classical and Egyptian architecture consisting of a series of stylized leaves from the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, of the genus Cypereae, an aquatic sedge found in tropical and sub-tropical regions, from which a form of paper was produced; heraldic plant of Lower Egypt (Nile Delta) 
Upper Egypt one of the two ancient Egyptian kingdoms, that which grew along the banks of the river Nile (the other is Lower Egypt, the Nile Delta), its Pharaoh wore the white crown, and its heraldic plant was the lotus, a species of water lily
one of the two ancient Egyptian kingdoms, that which grew out of the Nile Delta (the other is Upper Egypt, the Nile valley), its Pharaoh wore the red crown, and its heraldic plant was the papyrus 
ROCK TOMB A. entrance B. passage C. well room D. pillared hall E. side chamber F. antechamber G. burial chamber H. sarcophagus
K. white crown(Upper Egypt) L. red crown(Lower Egypt) M. combined crown,double crown N. crook, staff; regal administrative authority O. flail, scourge; regal penal authority P. Djet column – steadfastness Tomb of Ramses III, Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt, 1184–1153 BC Q. ankh – key of life, key to the Nile R. uraeus – guardian of the kings S. cartouche – Pharaonicinsignia T. ATEN, ATON – sundisc
EGYPTIAN GODS 1 RA, RE – sun 2 OSIRIS – death, judgement 3 ISIS – motherhood, protection 4 HORUS – falcon, royalty 5 SETH, SET – storms, chaos, evil 6 ATUM, TUM – sun, creator of all things 7 MIN – fertility 8 MAAT – order 9 AMUN, AMEN, AMON – 'the unseen one' 10 MUT – mistress of heaven 11 KHONSU – moon 'the traveller' 12 HAPI – the Nile's fertility 13 NUT – the firmament 15 SHU – air 14 GEB – earth 16 PTAH – creation, craftsmanship
17 KHNUM – ram potter of mankind 21 BASTET – cat protrectress of cats 18 HATHOR – cow love, dance 22 SOBEK – crocodile the Nile 19 ANUBIS – jackal the underworld, embalming 23 WADJET – cobra king's protector (Lower Egypt) 2 E 1 RA, RE – sun 2 OSIRIS – death, judgement 3 ISIS – motherhood, protection 4 HORUS – falcon, royalty 5 SETH, SET – storms, chaos, evil 6 ATUM, TUM – sun, creator of all things 7 MIN – fertility 8 MAAT – order 9 AMUN, AMEN, AMON – 'the unseen one' 10 MUT – mistress of heaven 11 KHONSU – moon 'the traveller' 12 HAPI – the Nile's fertility 13 NUT – the firmament 15 SHU – air 14 GEB – earth 16 PTAH – creation, craftsmanship S  PHINXES AND APOTROPES
A. winged sun disc, winged solar disc, feroher B. eye of Horus, Wadjet eye C. scarab, dung-beetle, sacred scarabeus, Khepri apotrope a symbolic statue, image or construction intended to provideprotection against evil spirits sphinx a sculpted figure which has the prostrate body of a lion and thehead of a human (androsphinx) or other animal such as a ram (criosphinx); especially prolific in an ancient Egyptian architecture androsphinx a sphinx with a human head or upper body, usually that of a male criosphinx a sphinx which has a ram’s headhieracosphinx a sphinx which has the head of a hawk 
FIGURED COLUMNS  Hathor column: Egyptian Osiris column, Osiris pillar: Egyptian |
0 THOTH – sacred ibis `the divine scribe´, knowledge 24 SEKHMET – lion the destructive sun, war
GYPTIAN GODS