VINES
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Arizona wild grape, Canyon grape; Vitus arizonica
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X
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X
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2000’ – 7500’; Grows to 30’ long; Deciduous; Bloom Apr – Jul; Fruit Jul – Aug
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Vines and fruit attract javelina, many birds including cardinals, and mourning, doves; Flowers: bees; Bark: birds use it for nests
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Vinegar & wine
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list; Hodgson, 2001
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Coyote gourd; Cucurbita digitata
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X
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Below 5000 ft.;trailing vine; yellow blooms June - Oct.; perennial root, vine dies back
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seeds in fall?
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Javalina eat it; squash gourd bees pollinate the flower
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seeds sometimes eaten; used to make soap (root; fruit)
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Hodgson, 2001; ethnographic evidence
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Tumamoc globeberry; Tumamoca macdougalii
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X
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Below 3000 ft; trailing vine difficult to see
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fall
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Bird seek out small watermelon-like fruits; javalinas dig up and eat the perennial tuber
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small fruit is edible
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Hodgson, 2001
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CACTI
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Buckhorn cholla; Opuntia acanthocarpa
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X
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500’ – 3500’; 3’ – 9’ tall; Bloom Apr – May
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summer
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Fruits: deer javelina, cactus wren; Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail; Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds; Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren. Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail. Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds
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buds & fruit, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Cane cholla; Opuntia spinosior
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X
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1000’ – 6000’; Grow to 8’; Bloom May – Jun
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summer
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buds & fruit, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Christmas cholla; Opuntia leptocaulis
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X
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1000’ – 5000’; Grow to 4’; Bloom May-June; fruit remains on stem much of winter
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summer
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Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren, other birds; Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail; Flowers: bees, hummingbirds; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds
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buds & fruit, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Fish hook barrel cactus; Ferocactus wislizenii
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X
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1000’ – 5600’; Cactus to 8' but 4' more common; Evergreen;
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Spring & fall; Bloom Jul–Sep; Fruit through yr
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Fruits/seeds: white-winged & mourning dove, quail, cactus wren curved bill thrasher, coyote, jackrabbit, cottontail, squirrel, kangaroo rat, mule deer, javalina. Flesh: bighorn sheep, javalina. Flowers: native solitary bees
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fruit, seeds & flower buds eaten
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Hodgson, 2001
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Jumping cholla; Opuntia bigelovii
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X
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Up to 4000’; Grow to 15’
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Bloom May – Aug; Fruit: all year
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Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren. Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail. Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds
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buds & fruit, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Murphey’s or Hohokam agave; Agave murphyi
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X
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1500-3000’, blooms Mar-Apr.; leaves 20-30 long
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Late winter; must be observed to see if flower stalk is preparing to emerge; use only those
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Many agaves’ flowers attract pollinators (insects, & either birds or bats), & attracted insects may attract insect-eating birds. Agave murphyi matures faster and blooms earlier than other agaves.
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May be agave species cultivated by Hohokam & other prehistoric societies. Leaves cut with "agave knife," "heart" long-roasted in pit; also a fiber source
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Hodgson, 2001
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Pencil cholla; Opuntia arbuscula
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1000’ – 4000’; Grow to 9’; Bloom May – Jun
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summer
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Fruits: deer javalina, cactus wren. Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail. Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds
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buds & fruit, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Prickly pear; Opuntia engelmannii
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X
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1000’- 6500'; Cactus to 5' tall; Evergreen; Bloom Apr-Jun; Fruit: July-Aug,Sept
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fruit in summer
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Flowers: solitary bees, sap beetles. Fruits and seeds: white-winged doves, mourning dove, gambel quail, cactus wren, curve-billed thrasher, finches, woodpeckers, coyote, rabbits, ground squirrel, kangaroo rat, javelina, desert tortoise; Pads: javelina, black-tailed jackrabbit. Cochineal scale insects feed on pads; Insects on plant eaten by birds
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Fruit & young pads
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Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001
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Purple prickly pear; Opuntia violacea var. santa-rita
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X
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Below 4000 ft.;
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bloms in spring; summer
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cochineal scale insect host
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fruit
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Hodgson, 2001
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Saguaro; Carnegeia gigantea
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X
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600'-3600' 30'-50' tall; Bloom May-June
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fruit available June & July
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Young plant: tortoises, insects, Flowers: bats, moths, bees, white-winged dove, ants. Fruits: birds, ants, javelina, coyotes, fox, skunks, tortoises, squirrels, rodents, rabbits, deer; Nesting: woodpeckers, hawks, purple martins, kestrels, doves, owls, bats. Dead saguaro: arthropods, insects.
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Fruit & seeds, tools, ceremonial wine
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Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001;
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Soap tree yucca; Yucca elata
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X
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1500’ – 6000’; Grow to 15’; Bloom May –Jun; Evergreen
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buds spring to summer; fruits summer
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Flower stalks: mule deer, javalina; Seeds: mourning dove, gambel quail; Larval plant for butterflies; Pollinated by symbiotic yucca moth
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Buds, stems, fruits & flowers were eaten, fibers. Roots used as soap, ceremonial, Niethammer.
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Sonora 1764, Nentvig; Hodgson, 2001
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Sotol, desert spoon; Dasylirion wheeleri
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X
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4000-6000 ft; blooms May-August; to 3 ft high; flower stem to 15 ft.
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spring
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native bees drill nests into dried flower stalks
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Roasted flower stalks; flowers; sap fermented to make "sotol" beverage
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Prehistoric, ethnographic; Hodgson, 2001
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Staghorn cholla; Opuntia versicolor
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X
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2000 ‘– 3000’; grow to 3’ – 15’, Blooms May
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summer
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Fruits: deer, javalina, cactus wren; Seeds: mourning dove, gamble quail; Flowers: bees; Nesting sites: cactus wren, curved bill thrasher, other birds
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buds & fruit, Niethammer
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Hodgson, 2001
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Thornber's yucca; Yucca thornberi
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XX
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3000-5000 ft; foothills of Rincon Mtns
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fruits, seeds, flowers
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Hodgson, 2001
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WILDFLOWRS
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Bladderpod; Lesquerella gordonii
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X
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X
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100-5000’; To 16” tall; Blooms Feb-May; Annual
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Forage for cattle
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Coulter's Globemallow; Sphaeralcea coulteri
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X
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X
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Below 2,500’; 100-2600’; to 2’ tall; Bloom July - Nov
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Chia; Salvia columbariae
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X
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X
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Below 3000 ft.; blooms March - May; to 20" high
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Seeds available in summer
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Seeds whole or ground used to make pinole or mixed with ground corn or wheat; dried seed heads used for tea; sprouts edible
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Hodgson, 2001; Major prehistoric/ ethnographic food source
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Datura, sacred, jimsonweed; Datura sp.
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X
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X
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1000-6000 ft.
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May to Oct; to 4 ft. high
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bees & moths visit flowers
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list
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Desert globemallow; Sphaeralcea ambigua
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X
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X
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Below 3500'; Flower to 3' tall; Woody base; Perennial; Bloom throughout year; sow seeds in fall & winter
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Flowers: native bees; Larval food plant for butterflies; Brows for bighorn sheep
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Desert marigold; Baileya multiradiata
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X
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X
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Below 5000’; Flower to 2’ tall; Short lived perennial; Bloom Mar-Oct
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Seed: Inca dove and other birds, ants; Insects on plant eaten by birds; sheep and goats poisoned by feeding on plant
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Desert senna; Cassia covesii
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X
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X
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1000-3500’; to 2’ tall; blooms Apr-Oct
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Desert Tobacco; Nicotiana trigonophylla
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X
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X
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100 – 6000’; Nightshade family; Perennial; Up to 3’ tall
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Flowers: moths; Seeds: ants
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Ceremonial, smoking, medicinal
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Sonora 1756-1767, Pfefferkorn; Sonora 1764, Nentvig
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Desert zinnia; Zinnia acerosa
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X
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X
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2000’ – 5000’; Flower to 6” tall; Evergreen; Bloom Mar–Oct
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Flower petals: quail, finches, sparrows; Seeds: harvester ants, which in turn attract horned lizards; Insects on plant eaten by birds
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Devil's claw; Proboscidea althaeifolia
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X
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X
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Below 3500 ft.; Blooms August-September
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seeds available summer to fall
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Seeds could be ground for food
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Thornber's 1909 Tumamoc plant list
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Dune evening primrose; Oenothera deltoides (O. albicaulis)
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X
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X
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Below 2500', Flower to 16” tall; Bloom Mar-Aug
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Javalina love it; Flowers used by hawk moths (Hyles lineata)
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Gooding’s verbena; Verbena goodingii
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X
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X
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Below 5000’; 2’ tall, 4’ wide; Perennial; Bloom Feb-oct
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Flowers: butterflies and moths
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Ground cherries; Physalis longifolia, Physalis angulata
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X
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spring-fall
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fruit raw, cooked, preserves, dried
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Indian wheat; Plantago insularis
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X
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Below 3000’; forb; Grows 3” and up
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winter/
spring; Bloom Jan–May
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Seeds: birds; Leaves and capsulres: rabbits and kangaroo rats
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Seeds soaked to make drink
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Lamb's-quarter; Chenopodium berlandieri
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X
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X
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2500-9000 ft.;
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Spring/ sum. annual; blooms June - Sept.
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larval foodplant of butterflies
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summer greens; seeds parched & ground into flour
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Hodgson, 2001; prehistoric, ethnographic
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Line-leaf whitepuff; Oligomeris linifolia
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X
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summer
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seed ground, boiled
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Mexican Gold Poppy; Eschscholtzia mexicana
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X
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Below 4,500’; To 16 “ tall
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Blooms mid Feb to May; Annual
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Parry penstemon; Penstemon parryi
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X
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X
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1500-5000’; to 4’ tall;
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Blooms Mar-July; Perennial
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Flowers: hummingbirds, bees, and other insects
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Silverbells; Streptanthus arizonicus
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X
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X
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1500’-4500’; Erect annual; Blooms Jan-Apr
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Sunflower (wild), girasol; Helianthus annuus
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X
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X
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100-7000 ft.; grows 3-9 ft. tall
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summer/
fall
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Bird & bees love flowers
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seeds, raw or parched, are eaten or ground and used in a variety of foods
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Thornber's 1909 list; prehistoric, ethnographic, historic
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Yüklə 197 Kb.