Dismantling the Cyprus Conspiracy

1 Brendan O’Malley and Ian Craig, The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion (New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 1999), VII.

2 O’Malley, VII.

3 Monteagle Stearns, Entangled Allies: U.S. Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992), 11.

4 Barbara Koremenos, “Sustainable Peace Agreements in the Age of International Institutions: The Case of Cyprus.” In No More States? Globalization, National Self-Determination, and Terrorism, ed. Richard N. Rosecrance and Arthur A. Stein, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006), 208.

5Nathalie Tocci and Tamara Kovziridze, “Cyprus.” Europeanization and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery, ed. Bruno Coppieters, et al., (Gent: Academia Press, 2004), 65.

6 Lindley, Daniel, “Historical, Tactical, and Strategic Lessons from Partition in Cyprus, International Studies Perspectives, 2007, 229.

7 Coufoudakis, Van, Cyprus: A Contemporary Problem in Historical Perspective, Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs, Minneapolis, MN, 4.

8 Tocci, 66-67.

9 Coufoudakis, xii.

10 Lindley, 229.

11 Lindley, 224; Coufoudakis, 76.

12 Ibid., 67.

13 Carment, 183.

14 Tocci, 67.

15 Tocci, 68.

16 Christopher Hitchens, The Trial of Henry Kissinger (New York: Verso, 2001), 84; Laurence Stern, The Wrong Horse: The Politics of Intervention and the Failure of American Diplomacy (New York: Times Books, 1977), 80.

17 John L. Scherer, Blocking the Sun: The Cyprus Conflict (Minneapolis: Minnesota Mediterranean and East European Monographs, 1997), 39.

18 Ibid.

19 O’Malley, X.

20 O’Malley, VII-VIII.

21 William Mallinson, Cyprus: A Modern History (New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2005), 75.

22 O’Malley, 77.

23 “U.S.-UK Installations in Cyprus,” Memorandum by Thomas Hughes to the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, February 13, 1967, Record Group 59: General Records of the Department of State, Cyprus Crisis Files, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD [hereafter cited as NARA, MD].

24 O’Malley, 129.

25 Jeffrey Richardson and Desmond Ball, The Ties That Bind: Intelligence Cooperation between the UKU.S.A Countries – the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand (Winchester: Allen & Unwin Inc., 1985), 19, 194.

26 O’Malley, 91-92.

27 Alan James, Keeping the Peace in the Cyprus Crisis of 1963-64 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 68.

28 O’Malley, 94.

29 O’Malley, 98-99; Mallinson, 36-37.

30 O’Malley, 246.

31 James, 60.

32 O’Malley, 102; Mallinson, 36.

33 O’Malley, 103.

34 UN Security Council, Resolution 186, Article 5, March 4, 1964, Found In American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1964, (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 566-567.

35 James, 117-119.

36 O’Malley, 104.

37 O’Malley, 105.

38 Mallinson, 37.

39 Letter from President Johnson to Prime Minister Inonu, via telegram, June 5, 1964, Papers of Lyndon B. Johnson, National Security File, Head of State Correspondence, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.

40 O’Malley, 108.

41 Mallinson, 37.

42 O’Malley, 117; Stern, 84; Hitchens 2, 57-58.

43 O’Malley, 116-117.

44 O’Malley, 119.

45 Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State, telegram, June 6, 1963, Department of State Central Files [hereafter DSCF], POL 1, NARA, MD.

46 State Department to Cyprus, teleg., August 15, 1963, DSCF, POL 15, NARA, MD.

47 State Department to Cyprus, teleg., April 28, 1963, DSCF, POL 18, NARA, MD.

48 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., August 27, 1963, DSCF, POL 15-5, NARA, MD.

49 October 28, 1963, Department of State S/S-NSC Files: Lot 72 D 316, Master files of National Security Action Memoranda, 1961-1968, NARA, MD. Copies of this memorandum were also sent to the Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence.

50 Ibid.

51 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., DSCF, POL 15-5, NARA, MD.

52 State Department to Cyprus, teleg., November 27, 1963, DSCF, POL 15-5, NARA, MD.

53 Rusk to State Department, teleg., December 18, 1963, DSCF, POL 25, NARA, MD.

54 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., DSCF, POL 25, NARA, MD.

55 State Department to Cyprus, teleg., December 24, 1963, DSCF, POL 25, NARA, MD.

56 State Department to the Embassy in Turkey, teleg., December 24, 1963, DSCF, POL 25, NARA, MD.

57 President Johnson to Under Secretary of State Ball, telephone conversation, January 25, 1964, Recordings and Transcript Files, Tape F64.07, Side B, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.

58 Memorandum of conversation, January 24, 1964, Department of State Files, Secretary’s Memoranda of Conversation: Lot 65 D 330, NARA, MD.

59 Memorandum of Conference with President Johnson, January 25, 1964, National Security Files, File of McGeorge Bundy, Miscellaneous Meetings, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin Texas.

60 President Johnson to Under Secretary of State Ball, telephone conversation, January 25, 1964, Recordings and Transcripts, Tape 64.08, Side B, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin, Texas.

61 Johnson to Ball, telephone conversation, January 28, 1964, ibid.

62 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., DSCF, POL 23-8, NARA, MD.

63 State Department to Secretary of State Rusk, teleg., DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

64 State Department to Cyprus, teleg., DSCF, POL 23-8, NARA, MD.

65 Turkey to State Department, teleg., April 8, 1964, DSCF, POL 23-8, NARA, MD; Athens to State Department, teleg., April 8, 1964, ibid; Turkey to State Department, teleg., May 12, 1964, ibid.

66 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., June 6, 1964, ibid.; Cyprus to State Department, teleg., June 12, 1964, ibid.

67 Tuomioja to Ball, memorandum of conversation, June 26, 1964, Department of State Files, Ball Papers: Lot 74 D 272, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

68 Mission in Geneva (Acheson) to State Department, teleg., DSCF, POL 23-8, NARA, MD.

69 Mission in Geneva to State Department, teleg., August 2, 1964, ibid.

70 Mission in Geneva to State Department, teleg., August 6, 1964, ibid.

71 Mission in Geneva to State Department, teleg., ibid.

72 Mission in Geneva to State Department, teleg., DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD; President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) and Robert Komer to President Johnson, memorandum, August 18, 1964, National Security Files, Memos to the President, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

73 State Department to United Kingdom, teleg., February 18, 1964; DSCF, POL 23-8, NARA, MD; Johnson to Papandreou, letter, February 20, 1964, National Security File, Files of Robert W. Komer, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

74 June 9, 1964, Recordings and Transcripts, Tape 64.31, Side A, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

75 Department of State Files, Ball Papers: Lot 74 D 272, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

76 State Department to Greece, teleg., August 16, 1964, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

77 Johnson Library, National Security File, Memos to the President—McGeorge Bundy, Vol. 6.; Footnote 3 on this document, found in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968: Volume XVI, Cyprus; Greece; Turkey, ed. James E. Miller (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2000), 309.

78 Rusk to State Department, teleg., May 11, 1964, Department of State Central Files, POL 23-8, NARA, MD.

79 Rusk to Johnson, telephone conversation, June 9, 1964, Recordings and Transcripts, Tape 64.31, Side A, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

80 Rusk to State Department, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

81 State Department to Greece, Ankara, Paris, Nicosia, London, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

82 State Department to Turkey, teleg., DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

83 Cyprus to State Department, October 6, 1964, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD; Turkey to State Department, November 30, 1964, ibid.

84 Popper (NEA) to Coerr (INR), “Future of Department’s Radio Relay Office,” memorandum, September 30, 1971, Record Group 59.

85 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., November 9, 1973, Record Group 59: Central Foreign Policy Files, Electronic Telegrams, 1/1/1974 – 12/31/1974, National Archives Archival Databases, http://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=98140&dt=1573&dl=823 [accessed 10 November 2007].

86 Memorandum of conversation, Department of State Files, Secretary’s Memoranda of Conversation: Lot 65 D 330, NARA, MD; State to Cyprus, teleg., August 15, 1963, DSCF, POL 15, NARA, MD.

87 State to Cyprus, teleg., August 15, 1963, DSCF, POL 15, NARA, MD.

88 Talbot to INR, memorandum, Record Group 59: General Records of the Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (NEA), Office of the Country Director for Cyprus, Records Relating to Cyprus, 1963-1972, NARA, MD.

89 James, 170.

90 O’Malley, 123-124.

91 O’Malley, 124.

92 O’Malley, 124-125.

93 O’Malley, 129; Stern, 107.

94 O’Malley, 130.

95 O’Malley, 130.

96 State Department to the Mission to the UN, teleg., January 29, 1966, DSCF, POL 27-14 CYP/UN, NARA, MD. This telegram was also sent to Athens, Ankara, Nicosia, London, and Paris.

97 Memorandum of conversation, February 21, 1966, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

98 Memorandum of conversation, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

99 State Department to Turkey, May 31, 1966, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

100 Ibid.

101 Greece to State Department, teleg., September 15, 1966, DSCF, POL 27; State Department to Greece, teleg., September 19, 1966, ibid.; Turkey to State Department, teleg., October 22, 1966, ibid.

102 State Department to Greece, teleg., September 15, 1967, ibid.

103 State Department to Cyprus, teleg., ibid.

104 Turkey to State Department, teleg., November 18, 1967, ibid.

105 State Department to Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, November 23, 1967, ibid.

106 Summary Notes of the 578^th Meeting of the National Security Council, November 29, 1967, National Security File, NSC Meetings File, Vol. 4, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

107 Greece to State Department, November 27, 1967, DSCF, POL 7, NARA, MD.

108 Greece to State Department, November 30, 1967, ibid.

109 Rusk to Johnson, memorandum, January 17, 1968, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

110 Memorandum for the Record, January 24, 1968, National Security File, NSC Meetings File, Vol. 4, Lyndon B. Johnson Library, Austin.

111 Greece to State Department, teleg., February 9, 1968, DSCF, POL 27, NARA, MD.

112 Turkey to State Department, teleg.,, March 6, 1968, ibid.

113 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., August 2, 1968, ibid.

114 “U.S.-UK Installations in Cyprus,” Thomas Hughes to Granville Austin, memorandum, February 13, 1967, Record Group 59: General Records of the Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (NEA), Office of the Country Director for Cyprus, Records Relating to Cyprus 1963-1972, NARA, MD.

115 Memorandum of conversation: Privileges and Immunities, January 9, 1965, Record Group 59, ibid.

116 Memorandum of conversation: Privileges and Immunities – Radio Stations, February 4, 1965, ibid.

117 “Draft Agreement,” September 1967, ibid. (An attached memorandum indicated that this draft was identical to the final agreement.)

118 William Handley to Ball, “Approval of Agreement with Cyprus Concerning Radio Facilities,” teleg., ibid.

119 Stern, 91; Hitchens, 80; Christopher Hitchens, Cyprus (London: Quartet Books Limited, 1984), 75.

120 Stern, 87-88; Hitchens, Cyprus, 71.

121 O’Malley, 132.

122 Stern, 71; Hitchens, Cyprus, 75-76.

123 O’Malley, 140.

124 O’Malley, 141.

125 O’Malley, 145.

126 O’Malley, 150.

127 O’Malley, 150.

128 Stern, 95.

129 O’Malley, 152.

130 R.R. Denktash, The Cyprus Triangle (Winchester: Allen & Unwin Inc., 1982), 122. This quote can be found in almost any book on Cypriot history.

131 Hitchens, Cyprus, 69.

132 Stern, 114.

133 O’Malley, 162.

134 O’Malley, 163; Stern, 97.

135 O’Malley, 162-3.

136 Hitchens, 84; Stern, 105; Hitchens, Cyprus, 78.

137 O’Malley, 165; Hitchens, 81.

138 Hitchens, 81; Stern, 98; Hitchens, Cyprus, 81.

139 Hitchens, 81; Hitchens, Cyprus, 79.

140 Stern, 95.

141 O’Malley, 165; Hitchens, 83.

142 O’Malley, 165-166; Stern, 98; Hitchens, Ctprus, 79-80.

143 Stern, 100.

144 Stern, 102.

145 O’Malley, 166; Stern, 102.

146 O’Malley, 167; Stern, 104; Hitchens, Cyprus, 80-81.

147 O’Malley, 167.

148 O’Malley, 177.

149 O’Malley 172; Stern, 112.

150 O’Malley, 173; Hitchens, 85-86; Stern, 112; Hitchens, Cyprus, 88.

151 O’Malley, 176.

152 “Cyprus Critique,” memorandum of conversation, August 5, 1974, Kissinger Transcripts, Digital National Security Archive, http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:dnsa&rft_dat=xri:dnsa:article:CKT01274 [accessed 16 September 2007].

153 State to Greece and Cyprus, teleg., Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 594, Country Files, Middle East, Greece, NARA, MD.

154 Sisco to Davies, “NSSM – Cyprus Planning,” memorandum, July 2, 1971, Record Group 59, Records Relating to Cyprus, 1963-1972, Box 13, NARA, MD.

155 Sisco to Kissinger, “Cyprus: Contingency Plans for Violent Incidents,” memorandum, August 13, 1971, ibid.

156 “Contingency Study for Cyprus,” memorandum prepared by Interdepartmental Group for Near East and South Asia, S/S – 1 Files: Lot 83 D 411, Box 3418, NSC Contingency Plans: Cyprus, NARA, MD.

157 “Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (WSAG),” Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Institutional Files, Meetings Files, WSAG Meetings, NARA, MD.

158 “Minutes of Meeting of the WSAG,” July 16, 1974, ibid.

159 “Minutes of Meeting of the WSAG,” ibid.

160 Minutes of the July 15, 1974, WSAG Meeting; Minutes of the July 16, 1974 WSAG meeting.

161 Minutes of the July 18, 1974, WSAG Meeting; State to Nicosia, London, Athens, Ankara, Kissinger, teleg., July 18, 1974, Record Group 59: Records of Joseph Sisco, Box 26, Cyprus Crisis, NARA, MC.

162 “Cyprus Crisis,” memorandum of conversation, July 18, 1974, Kissinger Transcripts, Digital National Security Archive, http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:dnsa&rft_dat=xri:dnsa:article:CKT01252 [accessed 16 September 2007].

163 Ibid.

164 Minutes of the July 16, 1974, WSAG Meeting

165 “Minutes of Meeting of WSAG,” Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Institutional Files, Meeting Files, WSAG Meetings, NARA, MD.

166 Kissinger to Callaghan, telephone conversation, July 17, 1974, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Telephone Conversations, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

167 Minutes of the July 18, 1974, WSAG Meeting.

168 Ibid.

169 Minutes of the July 15, 1974, WSAG Meeting.

170 “Minutes of Meeting of the WSAG,” July 18, 1974, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Institutional Files, Meeting Files, WSAG Meetings, NARA, MD.

171 Minutes of the July 18, 1974, WSAG Meeting

172 “Minutes of Meeting of the WSAG,” July 19, 1974, Nixon Presidential Materials, NARA, MD.

173 O’Malley, 179.

174 O’Malley, 181.

175 O’Malley, 179.

176 O’Malley, 181; Stern, 116; Hitchens, Cyprus, 97.

177 Hitchens, 87.

178 O’Malley, 184.

179 O’Malley, 186.

180 Kissinger to Schlesinger, telephone conversation, July 19, 1974, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Telephone Conversations, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

181 Ibid.

182 Kissinger to Colby, telephone conversation, July 19, 1974, Kissinger Papers, Library of Congress, DC.

183 “Minutes of Meeting of the WSAG,” July 20, 1974, Nixon Presidential Materials, NARA, MD.

184 “Contingency Study for Cyprus,” memorandum prepared by Interdepartmental Group for Near East and South Asia, S/S – 1 Files: Lot 83 D 411, Box 3418, NSC Contingency Plans: Cyprus, NARA, MD.

185 Greece to State, teleg., July 19, 1974, Record Group 59, Records of Joseph Sisco, 1951-1976, Box 26, Cyprus Crisis, NARA, MD.

186 “Cyprus Critique,” memorandum of conversation, August 5, 1974, Digital National Security Archive. For full citation see footnote 160.

187 Ibid.

188 Davies to Schiff (NEA), “Cyprus – NSSM 90,” memorandum, March 6, 1970, Record Group 59, Box 11, NARA, MD.

189 Davis to Stoddard (INR), “British Sovereign Base Areas,” memorandum, June 4, 1970, ibid.

190 Davis to Sisco, “Akrotiri as Base for U-2 Flights,” memorandum, January 22, 1971, ibid.

191 Popper (NEA) to Coerr (INR), “Future of Department’s Radio Relay Office,” memorandum, September 30, 1971, ibid.

192 “British Sovereign Base Areas,” June 4, 1970, ibid.

193 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., November 9, 1973, Record Group 59: Central Foreign Policy Files, Electronic Telegrams, 1/1/1974 – 12/31/1974, National Archives Archival Databases, http://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=98140&dt=1573&dl=823 [accessed 10 November 2007].

194 Cyprus to State Department, teleg., November 30, 1973, Record Group 59: Central Foreign Policy Files, Electronic Telegrams, 1/1/1974 – 12/31/1974, National Archives Archival Databases, http://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=104445&dt=1573&dl=823 [accessed 10 November 2007].

195 O’Malley, 191.

196 M.A. Birand, 30 Hot Days (Nicosia: K. Rustem and Bro. Publishers, 1985), 45.

197 O’Malley, 201; Hitchens, The Trial of Henry Kissinger, 87; Stern, 131.

198 O’Malley, 210.

199 O’Malley, 214; Stern, 132; Hitchens, Cyprus, 99.

200 O’Malley, 214.

201 O’Malley, 217-218.

202 O’Malley, 220.

203 O’Malley, 220.

204 Birand, 49.

205 Birand, 39.

206 Hartman to Kissinger, briefing memorandum, July 22, 1974, Record Group 59: Records of Henry Kissinger, Box 9, NARA, MD.

207 “Minutes of Meeting of the WSAG,” July 22, 1974, Nixon Presidential Materials, NARA, MD.

208 Birand, 58.

209 Birand, 111.

210 Birand, 93.

211 Birand, 111.

212 Kissinger to Ford, Memorandum of Conversation, August 13, 1974, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers.

213 Mission in Geneva (Hartman) to State, teleg., August 9, 1974, National Security Adviser, Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, Gerald R. Ford Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

214 Memorandum of conversation, August 12, 1974, Kissinger Transcripts, Digital National Security Archive, http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:dnsa&rft_dat=xri:dnsa:article:CKT01283 [accessed 16 September 2007].

215 Birand, 50.

216 Kissinger to Ford, telephone conversation, August 10, 1974, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box 385, Telephone Conversations, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

217 Michael Jansen, “American Duplicity II,” Action Cyprus, [20 July 1999], http://www.greece.org/cyprus/Takism6.htm [Accessed 9 May 2008].

218 Unsigned Comment on O’Malley and Craig’s The Cyprus Conspiracy, Cyprus Conflict, http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/US%20role%20in%20'74%20-%20comment.html [Accessed 9 May 2008].

219 Stefanos Evripidou, “Christofias More Optimistic After Talks than Before,” Cyprus Mail, [13 February 2009], http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/ [accessed 23 March 2009].

220 Jean Christou, “Open at Last,” Cyprus Mail, [4 April 2008], http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/ [accessed 4 April, 2008].

221 Elias Hazou, “War Games Cancelled on Both Sides,” Cyprus Mail, [14 October 2009], http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/ [accessed 23 March 2009].

222 Jean Christou, “Can the Two Sides Bridge the Gap?” Cyprus Mail, [11 September 2008], http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/ [accessed 23 March 2009].

223 Quoted in Hitchens, Cyprus, 29.

224 Stefanos Evripidou, “The Really Tough Talks Start Now,” Cyprus Mail, [4 September 2008], http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/ [accessed 23 March 2009].