Contributors (in alphabetical order)

FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES 1

Subbasin Description 1

Land and Water Use 8

Fish and Wildlife Status 61

Habitat Areas and Quality 96

Watershed Assessment 106

Limiting Factors 107

Existing and Past Efforts 123

SUBBASIN MANAGEMENT 131

Existing Plans, Policies, and Guidelines 131

Existing Goals, Objectives, and Strategies 142

Fish and Wildlife Needs 154

Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Activities 156

REFERENCES 159

SUBBASIN RECOMMENDATIONS 172

FY 2002 Projects Proposals Review 172

Projects and Budgets 172

Research, Monitoring and Evaluation Activities 181

Needed Future Actions 181

Table 1. Lower Snake River Subbasin Summary FY 2002 - 2004 BPA Funding Proposal Matrix 184

Figure 1. Lower Snake River Subbasin, Columbia Plateau Province 1

Figure 2. Lower Snake River dams and hatcheries (Mendel 1995) 2

Figure 3. Location of Alpowa Creek in the Lower Snake River Subbasin. 3

Figure 4. Location of Deadman Creek watershed in the Columbia Plateau Province. 4

Figure 5. Location of the area north of the Snake River in Whitman County 4

Figure 6. Location of area north of the Tucannon and Pataha Creek in Columbia County. 5

Figure 7. Land-use type in Deadman Creek watershed (Soil Conservation Service et al. 1984). 10

Figure 8. Longitudinal profiles of major creeks in the Alpowa watershed. 14

Figure 9. Subwatersheds of Deadman Creek 18

Figure 10. Stream gradients of Deadman Creek 18

Figure 11. Alpowa Creek Monitoring Sites. 44

Figure 12. Average Monthly stream temperature of Alpowa Creek, September 1998—March 1999. 46

Figure 13. Water temperature (C) of Alpowa Creek at three sample sites (Center for Environmental Education 1999). 47

Figure 14. Geometric mean of monthly fecal coliform in Alpowa Creek, September 1998-March 1999 (Center for Environmental Education 1999). 49

Figure 15. Geometric mean of monthly fecal coliform levels by site from September 1998-March 1999. 49

Figure 16. .Deadman Creek Monitoring Sites (WSU/CEE 1998-2000). 51

Figure 17. Location of LSRCP Hatcheries and Satellite Facilities 122

Figure 18. Location of the Wildlife Mitigation Lands for the Lower Snake River Dams 131

Table 1. Physical characteristics of Lower Snake River reservoirs in Washington and Idaho (Bennett et. al. 1983) 6

Table 2. Forest production in Garfield County from 1993-1996 in thousands of board feet (Washington Department of Natural Resources 1998). 10

Table 3. Sub-watershed area with stream length and drainage density. 13

Table 4. Stream gages in the Alpowa watershed (USGS data). 14

Table 5. Discharge for 2-, 5-, and 10-year floods at Clayton Gulch (WSU data). 15

Table 6. Discharge measured at the Alpowa 1 water quality monitoring site (WSU data). 15

Table 7. Calculated discharge for exceedance probabilities. 15

Table 8. Annual peak flows for Clayton Gulch near Alpowa, Washington 17

Table 9. Annual peak flows for Alpowa Creek at Peola, Washington 17

Table 10. Sub-watershed area with stream length and drainage density. 18

Table 11. Summary of long-term water quality monitoring data for various sampling locations throughout the project area (Corps 1999). 19

Table 12. Sampling stations in the Lower Snake River in 1997 (Corps 1999). 20

Table 13. Maximum water temperatures at Corps dams (Corps 1999) 24

Table 14. Average and 95-percent confidence intervals for growing season total suspended solids concentrations (mg/L) at 1 m for selected sampling sites and years (Corps 1999). 29

Table 15. 1997 turbidity measurements (FTU¹) in surface waters at selected Snake River stations (Corps 1999). 30

Table 16. Summary of sieve test results for sediment samples collected from the Lower Snake River in 1997 (Corps 1999). 33

Table 17. Summary of average glyphosate and AMPA concentrations (μg/L, Elutriate, and ppb, Sediment) For sediment samples collected during 1997 in the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 34

Table 18. Summary of Average Concentrations (ppb) of Organochlorine Pesticides and TPH in Sediments Collected during 1997 in the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 35

Table 19. Summary of mean metal concentrations for sediment samples collected during Phase 2 (1997) in the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 37

Table 20. Summary of Mean Nutrient Concentrations for Sediment Samples Collected During Phase 2 (1997) in the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 37

Table 21. Summary of average concentrations (ppb) of organochlorine pesticides and TPH in sediment collected during 1997 in the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 38

Table 22. Summary of mean metal concentrations for ambient pH elutriate samples collected during Phase 2 (1997) of the Lower Snake River project (Corps 1999). 39

Table 23. Summary of mean nutrient concentrations for ambient pH elutriate samples collected during Phase 2 (1997) in the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 40

Table 24. Average and 95- percent confidence intervals for growing season Chlorophyll a concentrations (μg/L) in the surface water at selected sampling sites and years (Corps 1999). 41

Table 25. Maximum and minimum stream temperatures (C) at three locations in Alpowa Creek during 1981 (modified from Mendel and Taylor 1981). 46

Table 26. Temperature requirements during life history periods for steelhead. 46

Table 27. Mean monthly stream temperature and discharge in Alpowa Creek during 1989. 46

Table 28. Nitrate and total phosphorus concentration in Alpowa Creek (Center For Environmental Education 1999). 49

Table 29. Water Quality Sampling Data for Deadman Creek (WSU/CEE 1998-2000) 51

Table 30. Temperature requirements during life history periods for steelhead 51

Table 31. Plants found in the Lower Snake River subbasin. 52

Table 32. Composite resident fish species list and sources of data for the Lower Snake River (Corps 1999). 62

Table 33. Species composition of fish collected with multiple gear types in Lower Snake River reservoirs during 1979 to 1980 (Corps 1999). 63

Table 34. Correlation coefficients of relative abundance among Snake River reservoir resident fish communities (Corps 1999). 64

Table 35. Qualitative relative abundance estimates of resident fish determined by electrofishing in macrohabitats of Lower Snake River reservoirs in 1991(Corps 1999). 65

Table 36. Estimated sport fishing harvest of selected fish in Lower Snake River reservoirs from April to November 1997 (Corps 1999). 71

Table 37. Estimates of population density (Number/Area) and standing crop (Biomass/Area) for selected centrarchid fish in Deadman Bay, Little Goose Reservoir (Corps 1999). 71

Table 38. Steelhead harvest estimates from catch cards for the Snake River from its mouth to Clarkston, WA (WDFW harvest data). 84

Table 39. Salmonid densities (#/100 m2) in Alpowa Creek, September and October 1998. Sites are listed in order from upstream to downstream (Mendel 1999). 85

Table 40. Wildlife species found in the Lower Snake River subbasin. 86

Table 41. Status of Priority Habitat Species (PHS) within the Lower Snake River sub-basin (WDFW data). 91

Table 42. Limnological characteristics at major sampling stations on Little Goose Reservoir, Washington (Corps 1999). 97

Table 43. Spawning temperatures of Snake River fish. 108

Table 44. Fall Chinook releases at Lyons Ferry Hatchery, 1990-2000. 123

Table 45. Steelhead releases near Lyons Ferry Hatchery from 1990-2000. 123

Table 46. Practices Implemented in Deadman Watershed in 1996 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) Includes Deadman Creek, Meadow Creek, New York Gulch, Lynn Gulch, and small tributaries of Snake River 127

Table 47. Practices Implemented in Deadman Watershed in 1997 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) Includes Deadman Creek, Meadow Creek, New York Gulch, Lynn Gulch, and small tributaries of the Snake River 127

Table 48. Practices Implemented in Deadman Watershed in 1998 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) Includes Deadman Creek, Meadow Creek, New York Gulch, Lynn Gulch, and small tributaries of the Snake River 127

Table 49. Practices Implemented in Deadman Watershed in 1999 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) Includes Deadman Creek, Meadow Creek, New York Gulch, Lynn Gulch, and small tributaries of the Snake River 128

Table 50. Practices Implemented in Deadman Watershed in 2000 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) Includes Deadman Creek, Meadow Creek, New York Gulch, Lynn Gulch, and small tributaries of the Snake River 128

Table 51. Practices Implemented in Alpowa Watershed in 1996 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) 128

Table 52. Practices Implemented in Alpowa Watershed in 1997 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) 128

Table 53. Practices Implemented in Alpowa Watershed in 1998 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) 129

Table 54. Practices Implemented in Alpowa Watershed in 1999 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) 129

Table 55. Practices Implemented in Alpowa Watershed in 2000 (Pomeroy Conservation District Jan. 2001) 129

Table 56. Sources of Funding by Source and Year in Deadman Creek, Alpowa, Meadow Creek, New Work Gulch, and other small tributaries draining into the Snake River.. 129

Table 57. Description of wildlife mitigation sites. 132