Chapter-1: introduction 1 Background

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4.6.2 Conflict zones

Based on the survey data of encounter rate and crop loss, we finalized the conflict zones in DHR. We proceeded to determine the effect of black bear in the agricultural perspective. Finally, using average loss percentage and total loss percentage per year with the average crop production of per year, only few areas above 1% loss of the average production of per year were observed. For convenient of zoning, areas were ranked with high (>3% loss), medium (1-3%) and low (<1 %) degree and it was found that, only two areas were high conflict zones. Where as only one area was found as medium and remaining others were found as low conflict zones. The VDC of Gurjakhani in Myagdi district and VDC of Maikot in Rukum district were categorized in the high conflicts zone. The Bobang VDC of Baglung districts were categorized in medium and Adhikari Chaur VDC of Baglung was categorized in low conflict zones.

4.6.3 Protection measure against black bear crop raiding

In DHR, respondent (N=170) explicated traditional and indigenous techniques/activities of protection measures against black bear that were being used. Not only single or specific protection measure was practiced; a sort of collective techniques were used varying in magnitude irrespective to the altitudinal range and time period by local respondent.

Figure 9: Percentage of activities carried out for protection measures in DHR (N=170)

The practice of ‘Chasing and shouting’, Night Stay” and Bell ringing’ were acknowledged as accustomed practices. Chasing and shouting was accredited with 45.59%, subsequently, Night stay with 16.18%, Bell ringing with 8.82% and Tin striking with 7.35%. Apart from undertaking protection measures, 14.71% of respondent were reported of not adopting any practices as protection measures against black bear raiding.

4.7. Status, Distribution and Habitat Condition

4.7.1 Seasonality of Bear Observation

We analyzed respondents past and present observations of black bear to (N=161) during the period 2006-2007 in different places; either in agricultural field or in the forest area, performing different activities such as crop surveillance, forest resource collection, and livestock grazing and wandering to their destinations.
It was inferred that during summer season the black bear was highly observed in Northern aspect (39.29%) followed by Southern aspect (32.14%), Western (17.86%) and Eastern aspect (10.71%). It coincides with the maize harvesting period in that season and concomitantly fruiting of Berberis species. During winter, its observation was reported high in Southern aspect (42.86%) followed by Northern aspect (28.57%), Western aspect (21.43%) and Eastern aspect (7.14%).

Figure 10: Seasonal Observation of Asiatic black bear in DHR

Figure 11: Seasonal movements of black bear in DHR
The seasonal observation of black bear in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve was higher in summer season than others. It was highly observed in August and September (32.14%) followed by July- August (25.00%), Jun-July (17.86%), May-Jun (10.71%), Sep-Oct (7.14%), Oct-Nov (3.57%) and Nov-Dec (3.57%) (figure-11). Movement of Asiatic black bear is normally defined by the availability of food. They had been found to be territorial during the agricultural crop harvesting period as crop raiding occurred sequentially and concurrently in different areas.

4.7.2 Status of black bear in DHR

Conducting interview with local people, key informants, herders and Park staffs (N=165), we obtained the status of the black bear was high, medium and low. According to the respondents of their villages and forest area they reported that black bear status was low (34.04%) followed by high (29.97%), medium (25.53%) and no idea (10.64%). The responded reported that the status of black bear is going to be decreasing since last five to seven years.

Figure 12: Status of black bear in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

The criteria to determine the status is based on the following assumptions: low¹: sighting of black bear more than 3 years ago, medium²: sighting of black bear within 2-3 years at one time and high³: sighting of bear at each year.
4.7.5 Distribution of black bear and its potential area in DHR.

Figure 13: black bear distribution area in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.

CHAPTER FIVE: Conservation programme

Bear Conservation Awareness Activities in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve

Some activities were performed in the field to make the people aware.

5.1 Poster Publication and Web- page designing

he poster was published on “Save the Bears of Nepal” of 2,500 copies. It had distributed 500 copies in the field and 100 in district center area, 500 copies provided to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation to distribute the poster to all the concern areas. Almost 1,000 copies of poster were distributed to organization working with wildlife conservation and rests of copies were left to Bear Research and Conservation Nepal for future distribution.
This funding has supported to create the web page for the conservation and awareness of bears in Nepal: “Bear Research and Conservation Nepal” (BRCN).The webpage is www.brcnepal.org.np. It is created to the long lasting effect to support for conservation of bears in wild and provide the information through the internet to concern people.
5.2 Art, Quiz and Essay competition

We were selected very remote and most effective places to conduct the conservation education activities. We found that the Maikot VDC of Rukum district was categorized it as conflict zone and we selected this zone to conduct the conservation activities. The background of this area is given below:

5.3 Background of places where conservation activities conducted

Rukum District is a remote with high biodiversity area of Nepal. The District ranging from 754m to 6000m and the District headquarter lies in 1448m from, sea level. Its geographical position is 250 29’ latitude and 82⁰ 12’ longitudes. Takshera VDC is the most important village among 43VDCs of Rukum district which have religious as well as the high bio-aesthetic value situated at Dhorpatan HR.

Rukum District, a part of Rapti zone is one of the important Remote Districts of Nepal. The District, with Musikot (also called Jumlikhalanga) as its District headquarters, covers an area of 2,877 km² and has a population (as of 2001) of around 188,438. Rukum District has many could-be-tourist-spots places, but due lack of information, many of them remain unexplored. One of the main places that could have been the major tourist destination is Mt. Sisne also called Virgin Mountain, as nobody has claimed to have conquered this mountain yet. Rukum is also called the place of 'Baunna Pokhari Tripanna Takuri', means the place of 52 lakes and 53 hills. Takshera is the most attractive tourist destination due to Dhorpatan hunting reserve surrounding it from eastern part of district. It is really attractive valley having natural beauties ever.

Rukum District is considered remote, in no small part because air travel is the only modern transportation mode available there. The District's two airports offer safe but rudimentary facilities for passenger flights, mainly from Nepalgunj and Kathmandu. Otherwise, access from Rukum to major highways and population centers requires up to several days' hiking. During the monsoon months, this can be hazardous even for seasoned locals. The two airports in Rukum are in Chaurjahari and Salle. Salle airport is located near Musikot, the District headquarters. It takes 2.5 days walk from Rukum district headquarters to reach Takshera.

5.4 Bear Conservation Quiz Contest

Venue/Location:

The location was selected on the basis of access of all participants from different schools.

Janagarti Ma.Vi.( Secondary School) Sankh, Rukum was selected for the quiz contest spot.

Participants:

Mahendra Ma. Vi.(Secondary School) Takshera, Rukum

Sabitri Budha Magar- class 9
Ram Chandra Budha Magar- class 10
Safal Budha Magar- class 10

Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh, Rukum (Section –A)
- Krishna Oli- class 10
- Dambar K.C.- class 10
- Girja Gharti- class 9
Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh, Rukum (Section –B)

Anju Gharti- class 9
Ganesh Pandey- class 10
Buddhiman Pun- class 10

Group selection:

Three groups were selected.
Each group having three members including one girl and rest two were boy.
Students from 9 and 10 classes were selected.

Methods and process of program:

1) Inaugural session:

Program announcement by- Mohan K.C.
Introduction with each other
Purpose of program
Chief Guest- Khim Bahadur K.C. (for District Forest Officer, Rukum)
Program President- Ishwar Shah (Principle, Jana jagarti Ma.Vi. Sankh, Rukum)
Other guests- school teacher from Takshera Ma.Vi., Jana jagarti Ma.Vi. and local leaders
Program was released by Quiz contest program President.

2) Rules and regulations of quiz contest:

Certain rules were formulated to conduct the quiz contest.

3) Participants Arrangement

Each group represented by giving chance to them by selecting the name of wild animal. They selected three name-(Arna, Chittal and Bagh)

Chittal group: Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh, Rukum (Section –A)

Bagh group: Mahendra Ma. Vi. Takshera, Rukum

Arna group: Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh, Rukum (Section –B)

Each group’s member leader was requested for selecting lottery for allocating the seat and selecting question.

Questionnaire announcement by Khim Bahadur K.C. (for DFO, Rukum)
Questionnaire:

General round
- Total 21 questionnaires were asked for this round.
- Questions were from different sectors including natural resource management, wildlife, forest, politics, sports, literature etc.
- Each question of this round bearing 10 marks for one correct answer.
Audio round
- Sound of animal were listened and asked to recognize.
- Song of singer was listened to recognize the name of singer.
- Each question of this round bearing 10 marks for correct answer.
- This round was very interesting in the program.
Visual round ( available on webpage)
- Photo of animal were shown to each group secretly and asked to them to tell their English name.
- Each question of this round bearing 10 marks for correct answer.
Rapid fire round
- Total 15 questions were asked for this round.
- Each group having 5 question and timing was kept only 1 minute to answer 5 questions rapidly one by one.
- One interesting things of this round was 10 marks will be minus if the wrong answer was spoken. In each correct answer 10 marks was added.

Marking evaluation:

This was helped out by science teacher of the Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Rukum

Result of Quiz:

1^st position: Chittal group: Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh, Rukum (Section –A)

Total scoring- 100 marks

2^nd positin: Arna group: Jana jagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh, Rukum (Section –B)

Total scoring- 90 marks

3^rd position: Bagh group: Mahendra Ma. Vi. Takshera, Rukum

Total scoring- 40 marks

Prize distribution:

Final marks announcement by evaluator (science teacher)
Winner announcement by Mohan K.C. (Program organizer).
Prize was given to each member of the group (i.e., 3 members to each group)
Since there was 3 groups and prize was distributed to all of the groups.

1^st prize-:3 General knowledge, 3 diaries, 3 copies, 3 pens and other publication.

2^nd prize-:3 diaries, 3 copies, 3 pens and other publication.

3^rd prize-:3 copies, 3 pens and others publication of district forest office Rukum

First Prize was handed over to winner by president of this quiz contest program (ie. Ishwar shah)
Second and third prize was handed over to winner by other guests.

Closing program:

Thanking note from organizer side by Mr. Mohan K.C. (He is the local forestry student and he had helped to conduct the overall program). He has requested to conduct this program because local people always believe the residential people voice than other people.)
Thanking note from chief guest Mr. Khim Bahadur K.C. (for District forest officer, Rukum,)
Thanking and closing by quiz contest program president Mr. Ishwar Shah (Principal, Janajagarti Ma. Vi. Sankh Rukum)

Feedback:

This program was very interesting and creative to all of our students. They were very much happy on this regard. Such type of program was conducted in past by other persons and organization but this type of program and style of asking question was new for us. We got knowledge of conducting such program in our school our self from the learning from handling of this program. Our students got updated knowledge on wildlife conservation on one hand and bear conservation on other hand. This would encourage them to concentrate their sense of knowledge on conservation from any site from this stage. Sine this region is deprived from getting such opportunity due to remoteness and difficult accessibility. I also welcome to you again at this spot by taking such creative and innovative program to our student. (Speech of Principal, Jana Jagarti Ma.Vi. Sankh, Rukum, noted during closing program).
5.5 Essay and Art Competition

The art and essay competition were performed among the selected students. We had developed some standard criteria and conducted these activities among the students.

Methodology:

1) School selection

Major priority is given to that school which is near about Dhorpatan HR. It is because the responsibility of conservation activities is dependent on most of nearby local people rather than outsiders.

2) Selected school

Shree Mahendra higher Secondary school, Takshera, Rukum, Nepal.

3) Student selection

Student of class 7, 8, 9 and 10 are selected to participate in program.

4) Number of participated students

29 students were participated in the program.

5) Name list of participated students

See Annex-2

A) Activities:

1) Inaugural session:

Introduction with each other.

2) Introductory class:

Forest and Forest resource
Nature and Natural resource
Environment
Eco-system
What is Bear?
Why to conserve Bear?
Relationship between human and Bear
Bear conservation in Dhorpatan HR
Bear Conservation related organizations
What can be our role in conservation?

3) Conservation related games:

Few games related to conservation were made to energize the student while taking class. Following are the games:

Happy and Sad
Communication barrier
Knowing friends etc.

B) Contests:

1) Essay competition:

Topics of essay-

"Bear conservation and our responsibility" (Bhalu samrakshan ra hamro daitto)

Time given- 1 hour

No. of participants- 29

2) Art competition:

Art on- Bear and its surroundings

Time given- 1 hour

No. of participants- 29

C) Judgment of contestants:

Papers were judged by 3 teachers of that school and final checking was done by resource person (program coordinator).
4 winners are awarded by prize in each contest.

D) Winners in essay competition:

S.N.	Position	Name of student	Class	Remarks
1	1st	Hikmat B.K.	8
2	2dn	Akash Pun	9
3	3rd	Kalpana B.K.	7
4	4th	Dipendra Gharti	10

E) Winners in Art competition:

S.N.	Position	Name of student	Class	Remarks
1	1st	Shankar Gatane	10
2	2dn	Dipendra Gharti	10
3	3rd	Jootbir Budha	9
4	4th	Dhan Kumari Budha	8

F) Conclusion:

Rukum is remote district due to its geographical as well as other factors. There is hardly such programs are conducted due to several constraints. This program was heartily welcomed by local people and students. Due to changing political situation of country people is too much aware on different aspect. As per conservation aspect there is little awareness on local level. According to local leaders who are alert in the area are requiring such types of program in future.

Overall this program was very effective than expected due to help from different person of different sector.

5.6 Awareness camp for various age groups

Herder and women were gathered at one place in their villages at night and conducted some information classes about bear and their status and importance about the wildlife.

5.7 Eco-club formation and orientation training

The local youth were encouraged to make unity through Eco-club. The constitution was developed for conducting the Eco-club in systematic way. This constitution will be registered in district administration office in the future. The youth were gathered at one places and given some classes and training to work for bear conservation work. The youth were promised to work for bear conservation. But they need continue support and monitoring to conduct smoothly. The Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve has formulating buffer zone and this organization have promised to continue support for the youth through eco-club. This is effective way to conduct the youth at local region.

The constitution is attached in the annex -3.
5.8 Group discussion

During the management plan formulation, the group discussions were conducted with the key persons and local knowledge people. First of all, participants were enforced to conduct the awareness activities because the education level is very low and there should be the awareness program with some financial support to local community.

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