Chapter-1: introduction 1 Background
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4.1.4 Livestock loss and depredationThe source of conflict between human and wildlife in the protected area is manifested by livestock loss to wild carnivore. In the study area the livestock holding was found to be 5.41 Cow/Ox (0-10), 1.68 Buffalo (0-4), 0.67 horse (0-4), 3.47 Goat (0-17), 2.64 Sheep (0-19). The total number of livestock loss due to large carnivores from 2006 to 2007 was 69. In the study area, local people reported that the livestock depredation by wild carnivores has been increasing. In the overall livestock depredation in 2006 to 2007, it was found that Black bear accounted for 4.65% in 2006 and 5.0%% in 2007 (figure-2). Leopard, Wolf and Jackal were reported another wild carnivore that causes livestock depredation in 2006-2007, leopard accounted for the 31.40% & 32.5% of livestock loss in 2006 and 2007 respectively while Wolf accounted for 11.63% and 8.75% in 2006 and 2007. Jackal (Canis aureus ) accounted for 2.33% and 3.75% of livestock loss. 
Figure 2: Livestock depredation by wild carnivores in DHR, 2006-2007 
Figure 3: Livestock loss to carnivores in DHR (2006-2007). The field data of livestock loss to wild carnivores infers that, sheep is largely depredated, than to other livestock. Black bear accounted for loss of 4.3% of sheep, and 2.9% of goat and 1.4% of cow/ox each. Leopard accounted for loss of 24.6% of sheep, followed by 21.7% of goat, 13.0 % of cow/ox, 2.9% of buffalo and 1.4 % of horse. Wolf accounted for 5.8% of cow/ox, 4.3% of buffalo, sheep, goat and horse each. Jackal accounted for 2.9% of goat and 1.4% of sheep loss. The reports of livestock loss by black bear were least but not most as to leopard. The occasional report of livestock loss such as cow and ox occurred. It was reported that sometime black bear entered in the livestock house and they fight with the big livestock and killed them. The livestock killed by black bear was reported rarely and happened unintentionally. 4.2 Land Use and Agricultural ProductionThe villages that were not reported the crop loss by black bear were not interviewed. The crop growing pattern and harvesting pattern was different due to altitudinal variation and different climate. The average land holding capacity was also different in different altitudinal zones due to land fertility and profession of local people. 4.2.1 Land useLand holding and average agricultural crop cultivated and its production in the study area were assessed during 2007. Table 5: Total agricultural crop cultivated land and its production in DHR (N=170)
Table 6: Crop calendar of the major agricultural crop of DHR (N=170)
The above table shows that the germination period for maize is mid (Mar-Apr) while the harvesting period of maize is (Oct-Nov). Likewise the germination period of millet is (May-Jun) while the harvesting time of millet is (Oct-Nov). The germination and harvesting time was some how different according to the altitude because higher altitude was slower growth rate and slower harvesting period while the lower altitude was faster growth and earlier harvesting time. The crop harvesting time is very important because it determines the black bear movement. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||