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Chapter-1: introduction 1 Background


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4.1.2 Major Livestock holding and practices of rearing


In the study area of DHR, most common livestock were found as Buffalo, Cow, Ox, Goat, Sheep and Horses. According to the respondent (N=165) they reported, Cow and Ox and sheep were commonly reared whereas Horse was reared in less number in comparison to other livestock (Table- 2). This is, because Horses are commonly used for carrying food material and travel from one place to another as a standard vehicle to the mountain people.

Table 2: Livestock holding and practices of rearing in DHR



S.N.

Livestock

2006

2007

Grazing (%)

Stall feeding (%)

Grazing & Stall (%)

1

Cow/Ox

842

998

37.97

6.02

4.13

2

Buffalo

266

308

13.53

7.52

3.75

3

Horse

98

132

9.40

1.50

3

4

Sheep

490

410

7.89

0.38

0.37

5

Goat

232

358

3.76

0.38

0.37




Total

1928

2206

72.56 %

15.79 %

11.62 %

Generally the practices of rearing livestock was not a single, it was a mixture of two or more practices. The respondent reported that they practiced ‘grazing’, ‘grazing and stall feeding’, ‘stall feeding’ to rear their livestock. Normally, it was found that the practice of ‘Grazing’ was favored by 72.56%, followed by ‘stall feeding’ (15.79%) and Grazing & stall feeding (11.62%).


It was seen that the each individual livestock was not reared with single practice; Buffalo with stall feeding (7.52%), Cow & Ox with grazing (37.97%). Cow and Buffalo were reared with both grazing and stall feeding practices. Goat, sheep and horse were reared with grazing. Pressure in the forest area by livestock was directly and indirectly allied with the forest. The ‘stall feeding’ practices were supplement by the forest grass and fodder, while other practices were typically concentrated in the forest area. Wilson, 1997 data showed that the livestock density (heads/ha) on cultivated land in Nepal has mid-hills 7.44 millions, mountains 2.18 millions, & Terai 4.05 million. The DHR office records showed that there was 10% stall feeding system and 90% free grazing at Buki (scrubland above tree line).


4.1.3 Grazing area, Seasons and Herders


In this study, three types of areas and two grazing seasons were classified for grazing livestock. The classified areas were ‘using/nearest forest’1, ‘distant forest/grazing land’2 and ‘village area/agricultural field’3 and seasons were summer and winter. In both seasons ‘distance/grazing land’ was highly used by local people than other areas. In summer 25.09% (Table- 3) of respondent used ‘distance forest/grazing land’ for grazing whereas only 6.56% of people used ‘village area/agricultural field’ for grazing their livestock. In winter, 17.15% used ‘using/nearest forest’ and 10.67% used ‘distance forest/grazing land’ for grazing their livestock. But ‘village area/agricultural field’ was highly used by respondent (22.18%) to graze their livestock during winter season. In comparing with summer and winter season, the relative pressure of grazing on forest area (‘using/nearest forest’ and ‘distance forest/grazing land’) was high in summer (43.44%) than in winter (27.82%)
Table- 3: Grazing area with herder and seasonal use

S. N.

Grazing area

Seasons

Summer

Winter

1

Using /nearest forest

18.35%

17.15%

2

Distance forest/grazing land

25.09%

10.67%

3

Village area/Agricultural field

6.56%

22.18%

Table 4: Grazing area, seasons and pressure




Summer

Respondent (%)

Winter

Respondent (%)

Buki

39.19

Bobang

9.09

Dhorpatan

18.92

Sukurdung

6.06

Fagune

1.35

Dhorpatan

1.52

Mansun mela

10.81

Morang

4.55

Tharakhola

10.81

Adhikari chaur

1.51

Bhedachang

1.40

Gurjakhani

18.18

Antarekharka

1.40

Deurali

6.06

Dhara

4.05

Pelma

4.54

Hanpa

2.70

Maikot

16.67

Navewang

2.70

Uttarganga

3.03

Ekhark

1.40

Makeltay

3.03

The Buki forest (39.19%) had more pressure followed by Dhorpatan (18.92%), Tharakhola (10.81%), Mansun Mela (10.81%) and Dhara (4.05%) in the summer season. The Gurjakhani (18.18%) forest had highest pressure followed by Maikot (16.67%), Bobang (9.09%), Sukurdung (6.06%), Deurali (6.06%), and Morang (4.55%) in the winter season.


In both season, it was found that 90% herders were used for livestock grazing while only 10% herders were not used for livestock grazing. The age of herder most frequent was 40-50 years old and followed by 20-40 and 10-20.It was seen that Rele, Jhim, Syaula forests had more pressure than other forests to collect fuel wood, fodder and timber followed by Ghuri and Chepare. Forest encroachment inside the reserve is the major problem. The process to capture the area were as first slash and burn the area and clearing of slash and making shelter house for livestock.
The villages around and inside the reserve are Bobang, Adhikari Chaur, Nisy and Bungadovan of Baglung district; Gurjakhani, Muna and Lulongkhoriya of Myagdi district; and Taksera, Maikot, Hukam, Kankri and Koola of Rukum district. More than 80% pasture needs of the livestock of the villages is met from the reserve. It is estimated that more than 80000 domestic animals graze inside the reserve per year (Poudel 1995).
The data showed that there were 90% of 114,104 livestock grazing in reserve area (Baral 2001). Herders chase away the wild animals. Fire is deliberately set at reserve area for wildlife trapping and sprouting tender shoots of grass and fodder species for their livestock. Mainly the herders were used fire to get new flushes of grass for their livestock and poachers used it to find out the spot to catch the animals (Baral, 2001).

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