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Chapter-1: introduction 1 Background


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3.1. Primary Data Collection


The field survey was carried out during spring (May-June 2007) and summer (July-August 2007). The field data collection time was extended till the end of December, 2007 due to harvesting of the agricultural crops according to altitudinal and seasonal variation.

3.2 Informal interviews


Local villagers were interviewed with the help of semi-structured questionnaire to assess the status, distribution of Asiatic black bear, its habitat, and bear-human conflicts. Some of the ‘high conflict zones’ and potential Asiatic black bear habitat areas were identified through the informal interviews. Such areas identified through questionnaire surveys, were later intensively surveyed for black bear status and understanding the causes for crop depredation. Data on cropping pattern, seasonality, production, crop loss, black bear behavior and circumstances that led to crop loss were collected from the villagers. In the examination of the total loss to total production of major agricultural crops for each year, minor discrepancy in the individual crop production and loss percentage to total production was obtained. Total production is the collective production of individual agricultural crop, whereas total loss is the cumulative loss of these crops to total production of crops that are considered in interpretation.

3.3 Field surveys


Over 120 field days were spent along with study team in DHR. In total, 190 people (31 Villages) were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire. Most of the villagers did not agree for an interview due to the political instability. A total of 33 transects were laid for signs survey and sampled (52.3 km effort). The minimum and maximum length of transect was 1.0km-3.0km. Intensive field surveys were based on indirect evidences (tracks, scats, and claw or rake signs) along random line transects of 1.0 – 3.0 km length laid in different altitudinal zones in the study area. Habitat and vegetation parameters for every bear sign encountered along transects were recorded using 10 m radius plots. GPS location of each indirect evidences, transect routes and Sample plots were recorded.

3.4 Status and potential habitat


The status of black bear was recorded as high, medium and low on the basis of local people interview.
3.5 Secondary Data

Various relevant sources were searched and gathered the information from published and unpublished report.



CHAPTER- 4: Results and discussion

4.1. Bear –Human Conflicts

4.1.1 Black Bear Victim


In 31 villages, a total of 190 people were interviewed using the semi-structured questionnaire. During the field survey, we recorded only 6 cases of black bear attacks on humans in DHR (Table 1) though there were few more, for which confirmation was not available. Of these, 3 cases occurred in the forest areas when people were in search of forest produce or grazing their livestock. Two victims had lost their life. One case of bear attack on woman in the grazing land has been reported. Instances of retaliatory killing of black bear, after human attacks was reported some places, via, Gurjakhani and Maikot. The killing the bear for their bile and pug mark had also reported in some remote areas. Though these people were suffering of loss, the provision of compensation or supportive fund was not available in the DHR. So, no any support could be provided by DHR authority to the victims. The attitude of victims and their relatives became negative and this could have led to a change in the attitude of other people living close to them. Undermining this prominent aspect, the conservation and management of Asiatic black bear could not be feasible in the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve.
Table1: Asiatic black bear attacks on Human in DHR (1998-2007)

S.N.

Sex

Date of attack

Victim people (single/group)

Place of incident

Activity of

victim


1.

M

1998/07

Group

Forest

Collecting grass

2.

M

1998/09

single

Forest

Herder

3.

M

2001/10

Group

Trail

Returning to

home


4.

M

2003/8

Single

Farmland

Grass collection

5.

F

2006/7

Single

Forest

Grazing land

6.

M

2007/10

Single

Forest

Searching livestock

Out of the 6 cases, 4 were recorded in the forest area when the victim was single and two cases when the victim was in a group. Four cases were reported in July and October followed by 2 cases in August and September. Most of the places are remote and there are no access to the vehicle so local people has been using the forest path and sometime it is happened bear - human interface. The effect of such human losses hampered the conservation to the black bear. People had strong voice to control the black bear by the government. During the field survey, we found that some of wildlife trophies in the local people home, via skin, head. Based on such evidences we concluded that the poaching were high in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve. The movement of people carrying with gun was high in the forest. The research team had no courage to ask to these people and these people objective to arousing inside the forest with gun.


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