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By Maxim Gorky Originally printed in the U. S. A. about 1930


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BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Alexinsky, G. A. (born 1879). – Active since 1905 in the Russian Social-Democratic Party; member of the II Duma; during the war an ultra social-patriot; after the Bolshevik Revolution chief publicity agent for the White Guard General Wrangel.

Andreyev A. M. F. – Gorky’s wife.



Axelrod, Paul B. (1850-1928). – Together with Plekhanov founded the first organized Marxist group, the Emancipation of Labor Group in 1883; later one of the foremost Menshevik leaders; bitter opponent of the Soviet Government; conducted an active campaign against Communism; member of the International Socialist Bureau of the Second International.

Bazarov, V. A. (born 1874). – Russian economist and philosophical essayist; member of the Bolshevik Party until 1907 when he became a Machist; at present works in the State Planning Commission of the U.S.S.R.

Bebel, August (1840-1913). – One of the founders and leaders of the German Social-Democratic Party.

Bedny, Demyan (born 1883). – Satirical poet, Communist, and one of the most popular Russian writers.

Bogdanov, A. A. (born 1873). – A well-known Bolshevik writer who joined the Machist group in 1908. At present head of Institute for Blood Transfusion in Moscow.

Bukharin, Nikolai I. (born 1889). – Prominent Bolshevik; leader of the recent Right Opposition in the Soviet Union, which he later renounced.

Chaliapin, Feodor (born 1873). – Famous Russian singer.

Dan, Theodore (born 1871). – Menshevik leader; during the war a pacifist; active in anti-Soviet propaganda abroad.

Debs, Eugene V. (1855-1926). – Revolutionary trade unionist and Socialist propagandist, and one of the founders of the Socialist Party in the United States; four times candidate for president, warm supporter of the Bolshevik Revolution, bitter opponent of imperialist war for which he was convicted during the war to ten years of imprisonment. Failed to break with the Socialist Party after it had completely deserted Marxism.

Deutsch, Leo G. (born 1855). – One of the founders of the Emancipation of Labor Group in Russia in 1883; during the war an extreme chauvinist and co-worker of Plekhanov in 1917.

Dürer, Albert (1471-1528). – A German painter, engraver and writer.

Dzerzhinsky, Felix (1877-1926). – One of the oldest members of Polish Social-Democracy; member of Bolshevik Central Committee from 1917 to his death; was chairman of the Tcheka, Commissar of Internal Affairs, Commissar of Communications, and President of the Supreme Economic Council.

Ferri, Enrico (1866-1929). – Italian Socialist, University lecturer, criminologist and lawyer.

Hillquit, Morris (born 1870). – One of the founders and leaders of the Socialist Party; wealthy lawyer; centrist and pacifist during the war; bitter opponent of the Soviet regime and Communism, and supporter of counter-revolutionary movements against the Soviet Union. Outstanding Right-Wing Socialist in America.

Jaures, Jean (1859-1914). – Outstanding French Socialist leader; assassinated at the outbreak of World War by a fanatic jingoist.

Kamenev, L. B. (born 1883). – Old Bolshevik leader who, after the Revolution, occupied various Government posts; removed from posts and expelled from the Communist Party for organizing opposition, which he later renounced and was readmitted into Party.

Kautsky, Karl (born 1854). – Leading Marxian theoretician before the war; developing as a centrist yet before the imperialist war, he forsook Marxism altogether and became a social-pacifist during the war; bitter opponent of Soviet Government and Communist movement.

Khalatov, N. B. – Formerly head of the State Publishing House (Gosisdat) of the Soviet Union.

Kollantay, Alexandra M. (born 1872). – First worked with the Mensheviks and active in women’s movement; during the war took an internationalist position and joined the Bolsheviks; has been engaged in Soviet diplomatic service abroad.

Krassin, L. B. (1870-1926). – Old Bolshevik leader, entrusted with many important Government posts after the October Revolution; was Soviet ambassador to England and to France.

Ladyzhnikov, S. P. – Head of a publishing firm before the Revolution of 1917.

Lunacharsky, Anatol (born 1875). – Old Bolshevik; accomplished linguist, dramatist and literary critic; together with Bogdanov and others formed center of group disagreeing with Bolshevik leaders on fundamental philosophical problems; rejoined Bolshevik Party after the March Revolution; was People’s Commissar of Education for many years.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871-1919). – One of the outstanding revolutionary Socialist leaders and theoreticians; participated in German, Polish and Russian labor movements; imprisoned during the war; one of the founders of the Spartacus League which later became the Communist Party of Germany; assassinated together with Karl Liebknecht by German officers.

Malinovsky, Andrew. – Active in the Bolshevik Party since 1911; elected member of the IV Duma and to the Central Committee of the Party; although suspected for some time, was exposed as member of tsarist secret police from records obtained after the February Revolution; voluntarily returned to Russia after establishment of Soviet Government; was tried and executed as a traitor and spy.

Martov, L. (1873-1923). – Leader of Mensheviks; during the war a pacifist; during the first part of the Russian Revolution disagreed with the majority of his Party but later passed into the camp of the enemies of the Soviet Government.

Mayakovsky, V. (1894-1930). – A leading Russian Futurist, “left front” poet after the October Revolution; committed suicide.

Mehring, Franz (1846-1919). – Outstanding revolutionary Marxist historian and journalist; member of the Left Wing of the German Social-Democratic Party and one of the leaders of the Spartacus League.

Münzer, Thomas (1498-1526). – Leader of the peasant insurrection in Germany in 1525.

Parvus (A. L. Helfand, 1869-1924). – Well-known Marxian theoretician; Russian political emigrant, active in the German Social-Democracy since the late nineties; during the war an extreme social chauvinist and agent of German imperialism engaged in various commercial enterprises connected with war contracts.

Plekhanov, George V. (1850-1918). – Founder of Marxian Socialism in Russia and Marxist theoretician; first a co-worker with Lenin, later Menshevik leader; during war supported Russia’s imperialist aims and after the October Revolution bitter opponent of Soviet Government.

Singer, Paul (1844-1911). – With Bebel, one of the leaders of the German Social-Democracy.

Tchaikovsky, N. (1860-1926). – Founder of one of the early Populist revolutionary groups in Russia; leader of the Social-Revolutionaries; social-patriot during World War; head of counter-revolutionary government in the North of Russia during the Civil War.

Tomsky, M. P. (born 1880). – Bolshevik from youth; took active part in revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Was chairman of Central Council of Labor Unions of U.S.S.R. and of Central Committee of the Party since 1919; removed from leading posts for organizing Right Opposition; at present head of the State Publishing House.

Trotsky, L. D. (born 1879). – After the split in the Russian Social- Democratic Party in 1903 remained with the Mensheviks; during the War an internationalist with leanings towards the Kautsky group; after the February Revolution joined the Bolshevik Party; member of Central Committee; held responsible Government posts; expelled from the Party in 1927 for leading opposition to Party program and policies, and removed from all posts. Later expelled from Soviet Union for organising underground anti-Soviet activities.

Vorovsky, V. V. (1871-1923). – Old Bolshevik and one of the most prominent members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Assassinated in 1923 while acting as Soviet representative at the Lausanne Conference.

Zhitlovsky, C. – Russian lecturer and writer; Social-Revolutionary; at present resides in New York.

1 Ilyitch – Lenin’s patronimic by which his close friends and comrades always liked to refer to him. – Ed.

1 The Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, held in London in 1907. – Ed.

1 A legal publishing house of the Bolsheviks. – Ed.

1 “Babushka” Catherine Breshkovskaya was called by her followers ‘‘grandmother” of the Russian Revolution. She was a social-patriot during the war, supported Kerensky and after the October Revolution became one of the most venomous enemies of the Soviet Union. – Ed.

1 As soon as Gorky’s mission became known, a campaign of social boycott was organised against him presumably on account o£ his marital relations. He was forced to leave his hotel and seek the hospitality of a friend. – Ed.

1 Supporters o£ the reformist Bernstein's attempts to “revise” Marxism. – Ed.

1 From 1900 to 1903 the Iskra, with Lenin at its head, was the leading organ of the Russian Social-Democracy. After Lenin’s resignation in November, 1903, it continued, publication until 1905 as the organ of the Mensheviks. – Ed.

1 Machism was the name given to the tendency at that time to revise Marxism by diluting it with a new version of philosophical idealism based on the mechanist theories of the Austrian physicist Ernst Mach. – Ed.

2 N. K. Krupskaya, Lenin’s wife. – Ed.

1 Members of the bourgeois-liberal Constitutional Democratic Party. – Ed.

2 The party of big capital and landowners. – Ed.

1 An analysis of the nature of the February Revolution and the Bolshevik program to continue the revolution until the workers in alliance with the poor peasants have wrested power from the bourgeoisie. – Ed.

1 A country place near Moscow to which Lenin would retire for rest, where he spent his period of illness and where he died January 21, 1924. – Ed.

1 Dora Kaplan, a Socialist-Revolutionary, made an attempt on Lenin’s life in 1918, when he was leaving a factory where he addressed a meeting of workers. – Ed.

1 In 1919. – Ed.

2 Official organ of the Soviet Government. – Ed.

1 Abbreviated name for the Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-revolution and Sabotage; since the defeat of counter-revolution renamed State Political Administration (OGPU). – Ed.

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