16, 2002, 38, 39-40
depicted in North and South 16, 2002, 42-3
see also industrial unrest; social conflict
traditional songs see songs and ballads
‘Traits and Stories of the Huguenots’ (article) 7, 1993, 18, 30; 14, 2000, 69
Transcendentalism 12, 1998, 15-16; 15, 2001, 9
see also religion
transmutation 17, 2003, 13-14, 25, 26
see also evolutionary theory
travel 16, 2002, 1-13
as educational 11, 1997, 62
maps and globes 16, 2002, 76-7, 78, 81
see also geography; railways/railway journeys
travel writing 5, 1991, 32-4; 13, 1999, 83n8; 14, 2000, 15, 19
in Blackwood’s Magazine 8, 1994, 58, 59, 60, 68n8
illustrated editions of 13, 1999, 75-6, 83n8
Travers, T. H. E. 13, 1999, 100n4
Travis, Deborah see Knyvett, Deborah
Tredrey, F. D.
The House of Blackwood 8, 1994, 86
tree of life concept 16, 2002, 21, 28n20
see also mankind
trials/court scenes
in Mary Barton 16, 2002, 3-4
the Trinity, doctrine of 15, 2001, 3-4, 5
Trollope, Anthony 14, 2000, 5
Sir Harry Hotspur 17, 2003, 90n7
The Way We Live Now 16, 2002, 12
Trollope Thomas (Anthony Trollope’s brother)
4, 1990, 60
Tufnell, E. C.
Character, Object and Effects of Trades’ Unions…
3, 1989, 27n12
Turkey 17, 2003, 11n12
Turner, Ann (William Turner’s daughter) 4, 1990, 2; 5, 1991, 64; 6, 1992, 65n4; 9, 1995, 66; 16, 2002, 65
Turner, Mary (William Turner’s daughter) see Robberds, Mary
Turner, Revd William 1, 1987, 6; 4, 1990, 1, 2; 5, 1991, 64, 65-6, 69; 6, 1992, 65n2, n4; 9, 1995, 66-7; 15, 2001, 8; 16, 2002, 30, 68
A Short Sketch…of Protestant Nonconformity… 5, 1991, 72n14
Twigger, A. J.
Barford in Past Years 5, 1991, 14n10
typhus epidemics
depicted in Ruth 5, 1991, 63; 6, 1992, 59
Uglow, Jenny
Elizabeth Gaskell… 8, 1994, 40n3; 9, 1995, 23, 25n4, 44-5; 10, 1996, 13n16, 14, 53, 75, 84; 11, 1997, 45, 66n8, 73; 12, 1998, 19n2; 13, 1999, 4, 13nn4-5, 18, 48, 83, 101n21; 14, 2000, 5, 34n13, 69; 15, 2001, 12n1; 15, 2001, 20n1, 40, 69; 16, 2002, 30, 46n14, 51, 62n11, 65, 66, 85, 91, 95, 102, 111n55, n75; 17, 2003, 50, 102n1
Uhland, Ludwig 7, 1993, 38
Unitarian beliefs 6, 1992, 26-7, 47, 52, 66n12; 8, 1994, 26n13; 12, 1998, 19n3, 47; 15, 2001, 1-4, 5; 16, 2002,
14, 30-31
Unitarian chapels 15, 2001, 9-10, 9, 13n11
Unitarian families 16, 2002, 65-6
see also individual families
Unitarian Herald
Elizabeth Gaskell’s obituary 14, 2000, 31-2, 34n13
co-founded by William Gaskell 14, 2000, 31
Unitarian ministers 15, 2001, 7
William Gaskell as 1, 1987, 6, 33; 12, 1998, 15, 47; 15, 2001, 7
Unitarian services 15, 2001, 10
Unitarian training colleges 16, 2002, 66
Unitarianism 1, 1987, 31; 3, 1989, 1; 4, 1990, 47; 5, 1991, 16; 15, 2001, 3-7; 17, 2003, 13
in America 6, 1992, 26, 28, 47, 53, 54, 56n14; 9,
1995, 2; 12, 1998, 15; 15, 2001, 56, 60; 16, 2002,
51
Thomas Carlyle on 6, 1992, 47, 53-4, 56n14
Catholicism, attitude to 17, 2003, 60, 61
definition 15, 2001, 5
depicted in Mary Barton 6, 1992, 31-6; 15, 2001,
11-12
depicted in Ruth 6, 1992, 36-9; 15, 2001, 10-11
education, attitudes to 16, 2002, 17, 18, 31, 33,
40-41
Elizabeth Gaskell’s 3, 1989, 26, 31; 6, 1992, 25-41, 45, 47; 10, 1996, 45; 12, 1998, 46-7; 13, 1999,
4-5; 16, 2002, 91; 17, 2003, 60
in German culture 8, 1994, 6-7
name, adoption of 15, 2001, 1
necessarianism and 6, 1992, 59, 65n3
Priestleyan tradition 6, 1992, 59, 65n4; 15, 2001, 4
scientific developments and 16, 2002, 14, 16, 30-31;
17, 2003, 14
in Wales 13, 1997, 77-8, 80; 15, 2001, 1-13
see also religion
United States
Cranford’s popularity in 17, 2003, 83-5
depicted in Mary Barton 16, 2002, 79-80
Charles Dickens in 15, 2001, 57, 59
English travellers in 15, 2001, 57-8, 59
Elizabeth Gaskell and 15, 2001, 53-63
Elizabeth Gaskell’s knowledge of 16, 2002, 83n10
Elizabeth Gaskell’s reputation in 15, 2001, 58; 16,
2002, 49, 58-61; 17, 2003, 77-85
Great Depression 16, 2002, 53
Lincoln assassination 15, 2001, 61
publishing/printing in 17, 2003, 78-82, 83-4
Salem witch trials 15, 2001, 54; see also Lois the Witch
trade unions 16, 2002, 53-4
transatlantic travel 15, 2001, 56, 57-8
as ‘Uncle Sam’ 78, 84n11
women writers in 17, 2003, 85-9
women’s education 16, 2002, 55
see also American…; Norton, Charles Eliot
universities 15, 2001, 2, 7
see also education
Unsworth, Anna
Elizabeth Gaskell… 12, 1998, 12n9
Upton, C. 6, 1992, 57n17
urban life/urbanization 6, 1992, 33; 16, 2002, 36-7; 17, 2003, 40
see also nature/natural life
Urry, James 16, 2002, 47n35
Utilitarianism 2, 1988, 14
Vecchj, C. A.
Garibaldi at Caprera, Elizabeth Gaskell’s preface to 4, 1990, 61
Verga Giovanni 1, 1987, 45
Victoria, Queen 1, 1987, 28; 12, 1998, 7
autobiographical writing 14, 2000, 1
Victorian fiction 5, 1991, 34-5; 14, 2000, 19, 20, 75
see also fiction; individual authors/titles
Vicunus, Martha
Independent Women … 17, 2003, 64, 65, 71, 74n8, 76nn67-8, 76n70
The Industrial Muse 10, 1996, 29, 31, 37; 11, 1997,
49
Suffer and Be Still… 11, 1997, 62
A Vindication of the Celts
review by William Stevenson 1, 1987, 1-2
violence
in Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels 3, 1989, 31, 41n10
in Mary Barton 12, 1998, 37, 38-9, 40-45
social see social conflict
by trade unions 12, 1998, 37, 38-9, 40-45; 16,
2002, 38, 39-43
see also French Revolution; industrial unrest
Virgil
Georgics 3, 1989, 69-70; 11, 1997, 37-8, 39-40,
41nn11-12, 42n13
vitriol-throwing
depicted in Mary Barton 12, 1998, 37, 38-9, 40-45
Volney, Constantin François
Ruins of Empires 17, 2003, 15
Waidson, H. M. 8, 1994, 12-13
Waldau, Max 4, 1990, 54
Wales
‘bundling’ (pre-marital sex) in 13, 1999, 78-80
depicted in ‘The Doom of the Griffiths’ 13, 1999, 69, 70-71
depicted in Ruth 5, 1991, 1; 13, 1999, 69, 71-2
depicted in ‘The Well of Pen-Morfa’ 13, 1999, 69
education in 13, 1999, 78-9, 80
Elizabeth Gaskell in 13, 1999, 72
in Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels 13, 1999, 69-84, 108
images/views of 13, 1999, 70-71, 73-4, 75-7
‘Treason of the Blue Books’ affair 13, 1999, 78-9, 80
Unitarianism in 13, 1997, 77-8, 80; 15, 2001, 1-3
Walkowitz, Judith R.
Prostitution and Victorian Society… 7, 1993, 55
Waller, Ross D. 6, 1992, 56n9; 10, 1996, 90n8
Walters, Anna 2, 1988, 81
Elizabeth Gaskell: Four Short Stories, Introduction to
1, 1987, 24n2
Ward, A. W. 9, 1995, 68n1; 17, 2003, 32n15
Cranford edited by 17, 2003, 85
Mary Barton edited by 3, 1989, 19, 20-21; 15, 2001,
20n1
My Lady Ludlow edited by 3, 1989, 30
Ruth edited by 8, 1994, 12, 13n8
The Works of Mrs Gaskell edited by 12, 1998, 23, 26n5
Ward, Mrs Harriet 5, 1991, 74-6
Ward, John (Harriet Ward’s husband) 5, 1991, 74, 75
Ward, R. W. (editor)
The Works of Mrs Gaskell 4, 1990, 78n9; 5, 1991, 2;
7, 1993, 43
Warhol, Robyn R. 11, 1997, 84n8
Warner, Marina
From the Beast to the Blonde… 12, 1998, 27n10
Warren, Dr Charles 6, 1992, 67
Waterhouse, Alfred 6, 1992, 41n11
Waters, Mary 16, 2002, 28n19
Watson, Elizabeth Porges
Cranford edited by 1, 1987, 27, 29; 4, 1990, 78n12; 5, 1991, 36n5; 9, 1995, 65n4
Watson, J. R. 15, 2001, 37nn1-2
Watson, Joseph 5, 1991, 64, 72n11
Watson, Robert Spence 5, 1991, 64, 66
History of the Literary and Philosophical Society of
Newcastle… 5, 1991, 72n16; 9, 1995, 69n7
Watt, George
The Fallen Woman… 6, 1992, 65n1
Watts, Ruth
Gender, Power and the Unitarians… 15, 2001, 13n9
Waugh, Edwin 3, 1989, 58
wealth, definition of 10, 1996, 78
Weatherill, Richard
The Ancient Port of Whitby… 15, 2001, 52n29
Weatherill, George
View across Whitby Harbour (detail) (painting) 15, 2001, cover
Webb, R. K. 6, 1992, 40n9, 65n3; 12, 1998, 49n1
Webster, Margaret 3, 1989, 27n4
Wedgwood, Fanny 16, 2002, 68, 71
Wedgwood, Frances 6, 1992, 46
Wedgwood, Hensleigh 6, 1992, 46
Wedgwood, Josiah 17, 2003, 13
‘The Well of Pen-Morfa’ (short story) 7, 1993, 43; 13, 1999, 108; 14, 2000, 47
characters/themes 9, 1995, 28-9, 40; 13, 1999, 70, 77, 78, 79, 81-2; 17, 2003, 58n8
Welsh setting 13, 1999, 69
Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1, 1987, 5;
14, 2000, 71n15
Welsh, Jeannie 6, 1992, 56n7
Welsh language 13, 1999, 72, 78, 80
Welsh nationalism 13, 1999, 77, 78
Westcott, Lisa 14, 2000, 100n14
Westminster Review 1, 1987, 28; 16, 2002, 73
George Eliot (Marian Evans) as editor 13, 1999, 18;
14, 2000, 65, 66
William Stevenson’s articles in 1, 1987, 5, 6
Whalley, John Kenneth
obituary 3, 1989, 85
Whateley, Richard 6, 1992, 35
Wheeler, Charles (Elizabeth Stone’s grandfather)
3, 1989, 7, 8, 27n4
Wheeler, Charles (Elizabeth Stone’s brother) 3, 1989,
7-8
Wheeler, Elizabeth see Stone, Mrs Elizabeth
Wheeler, James (Elizabeth Stone’s brother) 3, 1989, 8
Manchester… 3, 1989, 28n21
Manchester Poetry 3, 1989, 8
Wheeler, John (Elizabeth Stone’s father) 3, 1989, 7-8,
22
Wheeler, John (Elizabeth Stone’s brother) 3, 1989, 8
Wheeler, Michael D. 6, 1992, 39n1; 11, 1997, 46;
13, 1999, 103n58
The Art of Allusion in Victorian Fiction 6, 1992,
39n1
Death and the Future Life… 6, 1992, 39n1
Wheeler, Serjeant (Elizabeth Stone’s brother) 3, 1989, 8
Whewell, William 12, 1998, 9, 13m14
Whitby 1, 1987, 49; 9, 1995, 48; 14, 2000, 20; 15, 2001,
38, 40-41, 44
depicted in Sylvia’s Lovers 5, 1991, 69; 6, 1992, 16; 15, 2001, 38; 16, 2002, 33-4
George Weatherill’s painting of 15, 2001, cover
White, Andrew 15, 2001, 52nn26-7, n29
White, Walter
Travel in Northumberland… 14, 2000, 15
White, William Hale
The Autobiography of Mark Rutherford 15, 2001, 9
Whitehead, F. B. 5, 1991, 72n10
Whitehill, Jane (editor)
Letters of Mrs Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton
1, 1987, 40n1; 15, 2001, 54-5, 62n5; 16, 2002, 28n2
Whitfield, A. Stanton
Mrs Gaskell… 1, 1987, 27; 3, 1989, 15;
5, 1991, 71n7
widows see mourning clothes
Wilbur, Earl Morse
A History of Unitarianism… 6, 1992, 39n1
Wild, Hamilton 1, 1987, 35
William IV 1, 1987, 28
Williams, Gwyn A.
The Welsh and their History 13, 1999, 84n14
Williams, Merryn
Women in the English Novel 6, 1992, 75n3
Williams, Raymond 2, 1998, 81; 11, 1987, 54n1
The Country and the City 14, 2000, 34n11
Culture and Society… 1, 1987, 41, 45; 2, 1988, 82
Williams, William Smith 10, 1996, 77; 11, 1997, 19
Willis, Captain (Chief Constable of Manchester)
3, 1989, 61
Wills, W. H. 14, 2000, 52, 53-4; 17, 2003, 95-6
‘The Private History of the Palace of Glass’ 17, 2003, 35-6
Wills, W. H. and Sala, G. A.
‘Fairyland in ‘Fifty Four’’ 17, 2003, 49n12
Wilson, Anita see Chapple, John A. V. and Wilson Anita
Wilson Revd Carus 7, 1993, 20; 11, 1997, 6, 14n6
Wilson, David Alec
Carlyle… 6, 1992, 43
Wilson, John 8, 1994, 51, 55
Wilson, Richard 13, 1999, 75-6
Wiltshire, Irene 14, 2000, 23n17
Winkworth, Catherine 6, 1992, 44-5, 52; 7, 1993, 20; 15, 2001, 51n19; 16, 2002, 66
Christian Singers of Germany 7, 1993, 42
in France 15, 2001, 69
Elizabeth Gaskell, correspondence with 3, 1989, 6, 8; 8, 1994, 9; 10, 1996, 79; 14, 2000, 82; 16, 2002, 97
Letters and Memorials of… 6, 1992, 56n6; 15, 2001, 51n19
Lyra Germanica 7, 1993, 44; 8, 1994, 8
Harriet Martineau and 16, 2000, 73, 74
Winkworth, Emily see Shaen, Emily
Winkworth, Selina 4, 1990, 81; 7, 1993, 20
Winkworth, Susanna[h] 4, 1990, 56n3, 79-80; 5, 1991, 31; 6, 1992, 44-5; 15, 2001, 51n19
Theologia Germanica 8, 1994, 7, 8
as a translator 8, 1994, 7-8; 12, 1998, 13n16
Winkworth sisters 14, 2000, 14; 15, 2001, 40
William Gaskell and 7, 1993, 39-40; 8, 1994, 7
Winstanley, David 13, 1999, 95-6
Wirth, Werner 12, 1998, 13n18, 55-8
Wise, Thomas James and Symington, John Alexander
The Brontës… 8, 1994, 69n9; 11, 1997, 23n4
Wives and Daughters
characters/themes 1, 1987, 8, 10, 42, 50-53, 83-4; 2, 1988, 83-4; 3, 1989, 40; 4, 1990, 40-51; 5, 1991, 51-61; 6, 1992, 11-13, 7, 1993, 9, 10, 11, 27-8; 9, 1995, 13, 15-18; 10, 1996, 92-101; 13, 1999, 6, 49-52; 14, 2000, 9-11; 16, 2002, 15-29, 104; 17, 2003, 12, 14-15, 24-31
class distinction in 10, 1996, 92-101
critical assessments of 1, 1987, 44; 4, 1990, 40; 6, 1992, 73; 14, 2000, 29, 30
Charles Darwin as source for 16, 2002, 15-16; 17, 2003, 25, 28
death/mourning depicted in 14, 2000, 5, 9-11
George Du Maurier’s illustrations 1, 1987, cover, 48, 49-52, 53, 55-8, 61-8
Angus Easson’s edition 4, 1990, 50n2
educational methods depicted in 4, 1990, 41-3; 17, 2003, 30
evolutionary theory depicted in 16, 2002, 15-29; 17, 2003, 25-31
flowers depicted in 7, 1993, 8-9, 10
France depicted in 7, 1993, 27-8
French influences in 13, 1999, 49-52
German translation 7, 1993, 48
homes/houses depicted in 16, 2002, 21-2
Italian translation 1, 1987, 42
Henry James on 17, 2003, 83
London depicted in 5, 1991, 51-2
as materialistic 5, 1991, 51-61
narrative voice 14, 2000, 98
nature/natural life depicted in 5, 1991, 54-6, 59-60; 10, 1996, 92-101
publication in Thornhill Magazine 1, 1987, 48, 49; 4, 1990, 40
as realistic 13, 1996, 6
reviews of 15, 2001, 56
social change depicted in 17, 2003, 12, 14-15, 24-31
social themes 4, 1990, 40-51; 5, 1991, 51-61; 10, 1996, 92-101
sources for 16, 2002, 15-16, 67
television adaptation 14, 2000, cover, 85-100
themes see characters/themes and social themes above
as unfinished 15, 2001, 56; 17, 2003, 30, 83
women’s education depicted in 9, 1995, 13, 15-18
as written in France 7, 1993, 26
Wolfe, Patricia A.
1, 1987, 24n7, 25n10, n13
the Woman Question see ‘maternal thinking’ concept
women
in Cranford 1, 1987, 11-24; 14, 2000, 28-9; 17, 2003, 59-60
ethical maturity 2, 1988, 84-5
fallen see the fallen woman
fashion/style 7, 1993, 58-61, 62; 9, 1995, 16; 12, 1998, 31; 14, 2000, 4-12, 88, 95-7, 100n7
female qualities 1, 1987, 11; 10, 1996, 99, 101n12; silence as 8, 1994, 20-21, 22, 24, 25, 33-4, 36-7; 9, 1995, 27-42
Elizabeth Gaskell on difficulties of 2, 1988, 10
gender issues 8, 1994, 15-27; 10, 1996, 22-3; 14, 2000, 56-65
infantilism 8, 1994, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24
as inferior 2, 1988, 85-6; 10, 1996, 65-6
as mothers 7, 1993, 67-79; 17, 2003, 60; see also ‘maternal thinking’ concept
single 11, 1997, 65, 68-76; 17, 2003, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 71
Victorian image of 10, 1996, 65-76; 14, 2000, 26-9
as witty 13, 1999, 39, 42
see also feminist criticism; sexual conflict
women writers 8, 1994, 65; 14, 2000, 20
autobiographies 14, 2000, 1-14
difficulties faced by 14, 2000, 1-4, 62-3, 64, 69
journalists 14, 2000, 59-72
as self-supporting 14, 2000, 70
in United States 17, 2003, 85-9
see also individual authors
women, young
in Elizabeth Gaskell’s novels 6, 1992, 1-14;
7, 1993, 50-66; 8, 1994, 28-41; 10, 1996, 92-101;
13, 1999, 48; 14, 2000, 26-7
women’s education 1, 1987, 6; 2, 1988, 22; 4, 1990,
41-3; 5, 1991, 16; 9, 1995, 13-20; 10, 1996, 14-26; 14,
2000, 12n2; 16, 2002, 65; 17, 2003, 30-31
conduct books 9, 1995, 14, 15, 19n10; 10, 1996, 20, 25nn8-9, 65; 11, 1997, 55
depicted in Wives and Daughters 9, 1995, 15-18
Elizabeth Gaskell’s 1, 1987, 3, 5-6; 4, 1990, 57; 5, 1991, 1-15; 7, 1993, 16-17; 8, 1994, 8-9; 10, 1996, 14-15; 15, 2001, 1, 8-9
of Elizabeth Gaskell’s daughters 11, 1997, 56-64; 16,
2002, 65, 67, 94
in United States 16, 2002, 55
Mary Woollstonecraft on 9, 1995, 14-15, 16-17, 18
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) 16, 2002, 51-2
women’s religious communities 17, 2003, 59-76
anti-conventual attitudes 17, 2003, 60, 61, 69
Catholic 17, 2003, 60, 68, 71-2
diaconate orders 17, 2003, 72, 76n66, 76n70
Elizabeth Gaskell’s interest in 17, 2003, 61-4, 69
Protestant 17, 2003, 60, 62-4, 68, 69, 71
types/purpose 17, 2003, 60, 63-4, 66, 68-9
women’s rights 5, 1991, 22, 23-4, 25; 6, 1992, 46;
14, 2000, 4
Elizabeth Gaskell on 9, 1995, 13, 14, 15;
14, 2000, 97
Margaret Oliphant on 14, 2000, 63
Mary Woollstonecraft on 9, 1995, 13-15
Wood, John B.
Flora Mancuniensis… 13, 1999, 100n11
Woods, Margaret 16, 2002, 100
Woodbury, Lynn 7, 1993, 71
Woolf, Virginia 12, 1998, 33
Three Guineas 14, 2000, 60-61
To the Lighthouse 2, 1988, 83, 85
Woollstonecraft, Mary 9, 1995, 13; 10, 1996, 90n9
William Godwin on 9, 1995, 13, 19n4
A Vindication of the Rights of Women 9, 1995,
13-15; 11, 1997, 69
on women’s education 9, 1995, 14-15, 16-17, 18
Woolner, Thomas
‘The Fisherman’s Story’ 9, 1995, 48
Wordsworth, Dorothy 8, 1994, 1
Wordsworth, William 3, 1989, 41n8, 79
The Excursion 4, 1990, 66
Elizabeth Gaskell and 8, 1994, 10
‘Intimations of Immortality…’ 12, 1998, 17
Lyrical Ballads 2, 1988, 57n9; 8, 1994, 6
‘Michael’ 2, 1988, 48
natural philosophy, interest in 4, 1990, 48
‘Ode: Intimations of Immortality…’ 16, 2002, 92
The Prelude 4, 1990, 65-6; 5, 1991, 27
working class children 7, 1993, 62, 76n2; 10, 1996, 58;
11, 1997, 15
working class education 2, 1988, 13-33, 37-8;
3, 1989, 34-5; 5, 1991, 30-31; 10, 1996, 54-6, 60-61;
11, 1997, 16-17; 13, 1999, 98; 14, 2000, 19
literary 11, 1997, 16-17
self-improvement 13, 1999, 85-103
see also adult education; mechanics’ institutes
working class poets/authors 10, 1996, 28-38;
11, 1997, 50-53; 13, 1999, 88-9
‘The Oldham Weaver’ 2, 1988, 5, 6-7; 8, 1994, 91;
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