Assessment of equity in provision and utilization of maternal and child health programs in butajira, southern ethiopia

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V. Results

For the household survey, a total of 381 out of 382 selected mothers have responded to the questionnaire, with an overall response rate of nearly 100%.

5.1. Socio-demographic characteristics

The details of various characteristics of both case and control subjects are summarized in Table1. Majority of households were headed by male sex, farmers by occupation, rural residents, Islam in religion, Gurage by ethnicity, and married in both study groups. There is no statistically significant difference in sex of household head (X²₌0.06, p>0.05) and marital status (X²₌0.1, p>0.05) between the two study groups.
Age of the study population ranged from 16 to 46, the mean (+SD) and median being 29.03 (+5.5) and 29 years respectively. The mean age (SD) of cases and control groups was 28.42 (5.46) and 29.62 (5.53) years respectively. The mean (SD) difference in age between the two study groups was only 1.20 (0.07) years, which is not statistically significant (p>0.05).
A total of 2165 individuals were living in the 381 households, with 1042 individuals in the case households and 1123 individuals in the control households. The majority of households of both groups were large family type (family size >4 persons per household); with the mean (SD) family size of 5.48 (1.92) and for cases and 5.88 (1.76) persons for controls, the difference in family type between the two groups was not statistically significant (X²₌1.88, p>0.05). Regarding their educational status, most cases (68.4%) as well as controls (81.7%) mothers were unable to read and write.

Table 1. Socio demographic characteristics of the study population, Meskan and Mareko District, Ethiopia 2004.

Variables Cases (n=190) controls (n=191) Total (n=381)

N(%) N(%) N(%)

Sex of head of household

Male 183 (96.3) 183 (95.8) 366 (96)

Female 7 (3.7) 8 (4.2) 15 (4)

Age of the mother

Mean (SD), range 28.42 (5.46), 17-43 29.62 (5.53) 16-46 29.03(5.52)

< 20 5 (3.1) 4 (2.4) 9 (2)

20-34 124 (76.1) 123 (72.4) 247 (65)

> 34 34 (21.8) 43 (25.3) 77 (20)

Family size of the household

Mean (SD), range 5.48 (1.92), 2-14 5.88 (1.76) 2-11 5.68 (1.85)

1-4 individuals 64 (34) 51 (27) 115 (30)

5 or more individuals 126 (66) 140 (73) 266 (70)

Occupation head household

Farmer 142 (74.7) 173 (90.6) 315 (82.7)

Merchant 20 (10.5) 12 (6.3) 32 (8.4)

Gov't employee 17 (8.9) 1 (0.5) 18 (4.7)

Other 11 (5.7) 5 (2.6) 16 (4.2)

Place of residence

Urban 47 (25) 15 (8) 62 (16)

Rural 143 (75) 176 (92) 319 (84)

Religion

Muslim 148 (78) 158 (83) 306 (80)

Orthodox Christian 31 (16.3) 29 (15) 60 (16)

Other Christian 11 (5.7) 4 (1.8) 15 (4)

Ethnicity

Gurage 137 (72) 142 (74) 279 (73)

Silti 42 (22) 38 (20) 80 (21)

Others 11 (5.8) 11 (5.7) 22 (6)

Marital status

Married 186 (98) 185 (97) 371 (97)

Widowed/ Divorced 4 (2) 6 (3) 10 (3)

Educational status of mothers

Illiterate 130 (68.4) 156 (81.7) 286 (75)

Read and write 13 (6.8) 15 (7.8) 28 (7)

Grades 1-6 26 (13.4) 16 (8.4) 42 (11)

Grades 7-8 8 (4) 2 (1) 10 (2.6)

Grades 9-12 9 (4.7) 2 (1) 11 (3)

Above grade 12 4 (2) 0 (0) 4 (1)

Educational status of husband

Illiterate 71 (37.4) 88 (46.1) 159 (41.7)

Read and write 28 (14.7) 43 (22.5) 71 (18.6)

Literate 91 (47.9) 60 (31.4) 151 (39.6)

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5.2. Household socio-economic characteristics

Heads of households were asked about their average annual income. Eliciting reliable information regarding household's income was found to be the difficult part of the household survey. To overcome this, information regarding economic status of the household was asked after completing other parts of the questionnaire. Even then, 49 (25.8%) of the case and 54 (28.3%) of the control households found it very difficult to estimate their average annual income, or were not comfortable to disclose information regarding their income for various reasons. Weighing the 278 analyzable responses, the mean and median annual household income was found to be 1049.70, and 600 birr (range 200.00 to 10000.00 birr), with 75 percentile being 1000.00 birr. The mean annual household income was found to be 1236.97 birr, (range 200.00 to 10000.00 birr) for cases; and 856.93 birr, (range 200.00 to 10000.00 birr) for control households. The difference in mean annual household income between the two groups was 380.03 Birr per annum (p<0.05).
Other proxy assets were also used as additional estimates of the household economic status like information on food and cash crops produced, possession of cattle, owning house and land.

The main source for the majority of households (75%) of the cases and (91%) of the controls were farming and maize was the main type of food crop produced by (53.2%) of the cases and (57.1%) of the control households. The average (SD) amount produced of any main food crop during the harvest season of the previous year was 4.19 (4.4) quintals by case groups (n=174) and 4.35 (3.73) quintals by controls (n=172). But, the mean difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

The average (SD) amount of cattle reported was 1.82 (1.81) (range 1-11) for cases (n=120) and 1.62 (1.6) (range 1-6) for controls (n=126). But, the mean difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

Table 2. Economic status of the study population, Meskan and Mareko District, Ethiopia 2004.

Index of economic status Cases (n=190) Controls (n=191) N ( %) N(%)

Annual household income (in Birr)

Mean SD; Range 1236.97 (1512); 200-10000 856.93 (1087); 200-10000

< 500 30 (15.8) 36 (18.9)

500-1500 81 (42.6) 90 (47.1)

>1500 30 (15.8) 11 (5.8)

Major source of income

Farming 142 (75) 173 (90)

Trade 20 (10) 12 (6)

Daily labour 5 (3) 1 (0.5)

Monthly salary 17 (9) 1 (0.5)

Others 13 (7) 23 (12)

Food crop mainly produced

Teff 10 (5) 17 (9)

Maize 101 (53) 109 (57)

Wheat 18 (9) 24 (13)

Others 13 (7) 23 (12)

Not involved in production 48 (25) 18 (9)

Cash crop production

Coffee yes 77 (40.5) 90 (47)

No 113 (59.5) 101 (53)

Chat yes 72 (37.9) 84 (44)

No 118 (52) 107 (56)

Pepper yes 31 (16.3) 32 (17)

No 159 (83.7) 159 (83)

Possession

Cattle yes 120 (63) 126 (66)

No 70 (37) 65 (34)

Own house yes 167 (87) 182 (95)

No 23 (13) 9 (5)

Own land yes 151 (79) 176 (92)

No 39 (21) 15 (8)

Comparative rank

Poor 50 (26) 60 (31)

Average 107 (56) 105 (55)

Rich 33 (17) 26 (14)

Further more heads of households were asked to rank their economic status relative to their neighbors as poor, average, and rich. Accordingly, similar proportion in both study groups ranked themselves as poor, average, and rich compared to their neighbors with no statistically significant difference (X²₌1.76, p>0.05).

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