Appendix e: ms-dos

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DOS AND WINDOWS TUTORIALS

An alternative way to learn MS-DOS safely on your Windows based system is to use the DOS tutorials and quizzes. There are several shareware and freeware programs available on the Internet. Some of the more notable ones are:
Tutordos

Dos5Quiz.

Advanced Dos Quiz (ADQ)

Dos6Quiz

Htutor
Note 1: Some of the programs are shareware. They are not free, they are provided for you to try out. If you find any of them useful please register them with their respective authors. Registration information is provided with each program except Tutordos and DOS*QUIZ whose authors kindly allow private individuals to use the software at home free of charge.

To run these programs you need a working PC system with MS-DOS or any version of Windows installed. It is probably best to copy/extract the files to a new folder on the hard disk or to a floppy disk. Once you have done this, go to the MS-DOS command prompt to run the programs.

If you are running Windows 95 or 98, it is best to reboot the system in MS-DOS mode by clicking on Start, Shut Down and clicking the Restart in MS-DOS mode, option and then clicking OK.
TUTORDOS

Tutordos is an excellent little program that helps the absolute DOS beginner to quickly learn to use some of the common DOS commands. It is also great for anyone needing to brush up on MS-DOS. Copy the program to a disk in the a: drive, as directed in the readme file and use it!

Running in MS-DOS or in an MS-DOS window, go into the tutordos directory by typing the following command .
CD A:\TUTORDOS then press the enter key.
now run the program by typing;
TUTORDOS then press the enter key.
DOS QUIZ PROGRAMS

The DOS QUIZ programs are a great way to test your knowledge and use of MS-DOS once you have gained some proficiency in the use of MS-DOS commands.

Before you try each quiz program, please read the accompanying .doc and .lst files, they tell you more about the software and how you can register your copy.

To run the DOS6QUIZ program that you have previously copied to a directory of the same name, repeat the above commands substituting the name dos6quiz for tutordos.

HTUTOR

To use this program, extract it to a disk in the A drive using Winzip or Pkunzip.

Then type;

HTUTOR then press the enter key.

For information on MS-DOS commands click on the Advanced Topics button or enter ‘A’ until Advanced Topics is highlighted, then press Enter. You can change the colours used in the display by clicking Configure at the top of the display window or Alt/C.
Note: Because these tutorial programs are quite long in the tooth, no guarantee can be given that they will still be available when this book is published.

NOTE: Some common but less intuitive MS-DOS commands

Most MS-DOS commands are reasonably intuitive, others are anything but! For example, you cannot rename a directory using the rename command Rename (ren) it only works on file names. You have to use the Move command. Eg. executing the following MS-DOS statement, will rename the current directory mydocs to myfiles:

move mydocs myfiles

Another common requirement that often causes confusion in MS-DOS is file and directory deletion. To delete files you use the Delete (del) or Erase command. This command however will not allow you to delete directories.

To delete a directory you use the Rmdir (rd) command but this will only work if the directory is empty, i.e. all files and subdirectories must first be removed. This is probably done in the interest of safety, i.e. to make it more difficult to delete directories by accident.

If you want to delete whole directories and subdirectories even when files are still present the Deltree command does the trick. Like the Move command, this was only introduced in MS-DOS 6.0 and later versions.

MS-DOS 6.22 COMMANDS

MS-DOS 6.22 was the last version of MS-DOS to be launched as a separate OS. When Windows 95 was launched the underlying DOS element was known as MS-DOS 7. Table 1 below is an abbreviated list of the internal and external DOS 6.22 commands. For a more detailed list see the table at the end of this appendix.

append

assign

attrib

backup

break

chcp

chdir (cd)

chkdsk

cls

command

comp

copy

ctty

date

debug

del (erase)

deltree

dir

diskcomp

diskcopy

doskey

dosshell

edit

emm386

exe2bin

exit

expand

fastopen

fdisk

find

for

format

graftabl

graphics

help

join

keyb

label

loadhigh (LH)

mem

mirror

mkdir (md)

mode

nlsfunc

path

prompt

qbasic

recover

rename (ren)

replace

restore

rmdir (rd)

set

setver

sort

subst

sys

time

tree

type

undelete

unformat

ver

verify

vol

xcopy

Table 1

WINDOWS 95/98/ME EXTERNAL COMMANDS

The table below is a list of the external DOS commands held in the Windows\Command folder. External commands are visible, i.e. they are actual .exe or .com files.

If you use Windows Explorer or the DOS dir command to view the Windows\Command folder you can see the external commands for yourself. They are listed in the table below.

Attrib.exe

Cfkdsk.exe

Choice.com

Cmdinit.bat

Cscript.exe

Cat.exe

Debug.exe

Deltree.exe

Diskcopy.com

Doskey.com

Edit.com

Extract.exe

Fc.exe

Fdisk.exe

Find.exe

Format.com

Iextract.exe

Label.exe

Mem.exe

Mode.com

More.com

Move.exe

Mscdex.exe

Scandisk.exe

Scanreg.exe

Sort.exe

Start.exe

Subst.exe

Sulfnbk.exe

Sys.com

Xcopy.exe

Xcopy32.exe

Xcopy32.mod

Table 2 Windows 95/98/ME external commands
The external commands listed above can be executed from the Windows 95/98/ME command prompt.

WINDOWS 95/98/ME INTERNAL COMMANDS

The internal commands are not visible as they are embedded in command.com and the hidden file MS-DOS.sys. The internal commands include the simpler commands that are used on a regular basis in MS-DOS applications and batch files. They cannot be executed from the Windows command line. However they can be executed in the MS-DOS prompt window or when booted in MS-DOS mode in Windows 95/98. Windows ME does not support the Restart in MS-DOS mode option but it does support the MS-DOS prompt.

Call

Chcp

Chdir (cd)

Cls

Copy

Ctty

Date

Del

Dir

Dos

Driveparm

Fcbs

Mkdir (md)

Mode

Path

Rename

Rmdir (rd)

Set

Time

Type

Ver

Verify

Vol

Table 3 Windows 95/98/ME internal commands

WINDOWS 2000 COMMAND SET

The tables below briefly describe the new Windows 2000 commands not found in MS-DOS and the changes to the MS-DOS command set.

NEW WINDOWS 2000 COMMANDS

This table lists the new Windows 2000 system commands not found in MS-DOS.

COMMAND	FUNCTION
At	Schedules commands and programs to run on a computer at a specified time and date.
Cacls	Displays or modifies access control lists (ACLs) of files.
Convert	Converts file systems from FAT or FAT32 to NTFS.
Dosonly	Prevents starting applications other than MS-DOS-based applications from the Command.com prompt.
Echoconfig	Displays messages when reading the MS-DOS subsystem Config.nt file.
Endlocal	Ends localization of environment variables.
Findstr	Searches for text in files using regular expressions.
Ntcmdprompt	Runs the Windows 2000 command interpreter, Cmd.exe, rather than Command.com after running a TSR or after starting the command prompt from within an MS-DOS application.
Popd	Changes to the directory last set with the pushd command.
Pushd	Saves the current directory for use by the popd command, and then changes to the specified directory.
Setlocal	Begins localization of environmental variables.
Start	Runs a specified program or command in a secondary window and in its own memory space.
Title	sets the title of the command prompt window.
&&	Command following this symbol runs only if the command preceding the symbol succeeds.
\|\|	Command following this symbol runs only if the command preceding the symbol fails.
&	Separates multiple commands on the command line.
( )	Groups commands.
^	Escape character. Allows typing command symbols as text.
; Or ,	Separates parameters.

Table 4 The new Windows 2000 commands

CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS TO MS-DOS COMMANDS

COMMAND	CHANGED FEATURES
Chcp	Changes code pages for full-screen mode only.
Cmd	Cmd.exe replaces Command.com.
Del	New switches provide many more functions.
Dir	New switches provide many more functions.
Diskcomp	Switches /1 and /8 are not supported.
Diskcopy	Switch /1 is not supported.
Doskey	Available for all character-based programs that accept buffered input. Doskey has been improved by a series of enhancements.
Format	20.8 MB optical drive supported. Switches /b, /s, and /u are not supported.
Label	The symbols ^ and & can be used in a volume label.
Mode	Extensive changes.
More	New switches provide many more functions.
Path	The %PATH%environment variable appends the current path to a new setting at the command prompt.
Print	Switches /b, /c, /m, /p, /q, /s, /t, and /u are not supported.
Prompt	New character combinations allow you to add ampersands ($a), parentheses ($c and $f), and spaces ($s) to your prompt.
Recover	Recovers files only.
Rmdir	New /s switch deletes directories containing files and subdirectories.
Sort	Does not require TEMP environment variable. File size is unlimited.
Xcopy	New switches provide many more functions.

Table 5 The modified MS-DOS Commands of Windows 2000

MS-DOS COMMANDS NO LONGER SUPPORTED

The following MS-DOS commands are not available at the command prompt.

COMMAND	REASON FOR RETIRING THEM
Assign	Not supported in Windows 2000.
Backup	Not currently supported.
Choice	Not currently supported.
Ctty	Not currently supported.
Dblspace	Not supported.
Defrag	Windows 2000 automatically optimises disk use. To manually optimise a disk, right-click it in My Computer, click Properties, and then, on the Tools tab, click Defragment Now.
Deltree	The rmdir /s command deletes directories containing files and subdirectories.
Diskperf	Not currently supported.
Dosshell	Unnecessary with Windows 2000.
Drvspace	The Drvspace program is not currently supported.
Emm386	Unnecessary with Windows 2000.
Fasthelp	This MS-DOS 6.0 command is the same as the Windows 2000 command help. Windows 2000 also provides an online command reference.
Fdisk	Disk Management prepares hard disks for use with Windows 2000.
Include	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.
Interlnk	The Interlnk program is not supported.
Intersrv	The Intersrv program is not supported.
Join	Increased partition size and an improved file system eliminate the need to join drives.
Memmaker	Windows 2000 automatically optimizes the MS-DOS subsystem's memory use.
Menucolor	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.
Menudefault	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.
Menuitem	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.
Mirror	Not supported in Windows 2000.
Msav	The Msav program is not supported.
Msbackup	Windows 2000 provides the Backup utility (in the Administrative Tools in Control Panel) for computers with tape drives, or the xcopy command for computers without tape drives.
Mscdex	It is unnecessary to configure the MS-DOS subsystem to use a CD-ROM drives. Windows 2000 provides access to CD-ROM drives for the MS-DOS subsystem.
Msd	Use the System Information snap-in. To start System Information, click Start, click Run, and then type msinfo32.
Numlock	Not currently supported.
Power	The Power utility is not supported.
Restore	Not currently supported.
Scandisk	The Scandisk utility is not supported.
Smartdrv	Windows 2000 automatically provides caching for the MS-DOS subsystem.
Submenu	Multiple configurations of the MS-DOS subsystem are not supported.
Sys	Windows 2000 will not fit on a standard 1.2 MB or 1.44 MB floppy disk.
Undelete	Not supported in Windows 2000.
Unformat	Not supported in Windows 2000.
Vsafe	The Vsafe program is not supported.

Table 6