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An Analysis of the Precursor Measurements of Mars Needed to Reduce the Risk of the First Human Mission to Mars


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APPENDIX 1. Charter of the Mars Human Precursor Science Steering Group


Introduction


NASA Headquarters is in the process of developing multi-Enterprise plans for robotic missions to Mars as precursors to future human exploration activities.  As a consequence, NASA (and its Mars Exploration Program) would like to solicit inputs from the general science, technology and engineering community about measurement requirements and technology demonstrations that must be implemented beginning with the 2011 launch opportunity to Mars.  In particular, the newly formed Exploration Systems Office at NASA HQ (Code T) has specifically requested the assistance of the Mars Program Office at NASA HQ (Code S) in planning a program of one or more robotic missions to Mars to serve as precursors to an eventual human mission to Mars.  One of the specific task-directed requests from the colleagues within Code T follows:
 
Task Request from Code T (in cooperation with Code S):
On the basis of the President’s Vision for Space Exploration (NPD31), NASA is investigating what specific robotic Mars missions would be appropriate as precursors to sending humans to Mars.  These missions would  focus primarily on risk and cost reduction for the future human missions.  In assessing the potential for risk reduction, NASA’s Office of Exploration Systems requests an analysis of the factors that could lead to increased safety / reliability, evolvability and flexibility of the program, development risk and schedule mitigations, and affordability.
 
Therefore, NASA Headquarters (via the Director and Lead Scientist of the Mars Exploration Program) has requested that MEPAG form an SSG in order to develop some of the inputs necessary to form a detailed response to this request.  The findings of this SSG would be folded into mission-architecture studies to be conducted by NASA’s JPL, as well as delivered to the leaders of NASA’s MEP at NASA Headquarters.
Starting assumptions

Assume a continuous series of Mars robotic precursor missions prior to human exploration. It is not yet known whether launches in every opportunity are justified.

Assume the first dedicated robotic precursor mission is scheduled for flight in the 2011 launch opportunity.

Assume the first human mission is scheduled in approximately 2030.

Assume that a separate sequence of Mars missions, with a primary objective of robotic scientific exploration, would be carried out in addition to the human precursor sequence. Assume that the infrastructure associated with the science missions (e.g. the telecommunications infrastructure) is available for use by the human precursor missions.

 
Requested Tasks:



Phase 1:

Identify the activities that should be performed by these human precursor robotic missions for the purpose of reducing cost and/or risk of human exploration missions.   The activities identified should include measurements, technology demonstrations, and infrastructure capabilities.

For measurement-related activities:

Identify and justify new measurements that can be acquired by robotic missions to Mars that would contribute to the overall cost or risk reduction objective.  Classify by whether the measurement would need to be made on the surface, in the atmosphere, in martian orbit, or elsewhere (i.e., specify vantage point or vantage points). 

Establish preferred / required sequential relationships (for measurement sets, etc.)

Suggest the number of distinct sites needed for each of the measurements in order to achieve cost and risk reduction (i.e., both locally within a landing zone, as well as across the entire planet) as well as the necessary characteristics of the different sites.

Prioritize the measurement options and include specific precisions, accuracies, and any temporal constraints

For technology demonstrations and infrastructure:

identify technology flight demonstrations needing to be performed on Mars to reduce risk to human flight systems

prioritize technology demonstrations and infrastructure and suggest preferred / required sequential relationships

Develop a preliminary definition of the characteristics of landing sites suitable for human exploration. This would include scientific potential as well as safety and risk factors. Note that this is not a site selection, since that would be dependent on several factors that would not be known for years.


Phase 2:

Using the results from Phase 1, integrate the measurement and technology demonstration / infrastructure capabilities and prioritize among all capabilities and include any preferred / required sequential relationships. This will constitute fundamental input into mission architecture planning.


The following activity will be led by the Mars Program Advance Studies Office at JPL, making use of the SSG's inputs, and with some degree of interaction with the SSG Team.
Using the output result from Phase 2, and the constraints from the current Mars program funding and mission profile, identify no less than 2 possible mission architectures for the robotic human precursor missions across the next decade (2011-2020+).    Describe in particular the measurement, technology, and infrastructure capability priorities associated with the proposed 2011 robotic human precursor mission.
 

Possible Future Phase:

Although NASA has a need to link the planning for exploration activity at Mars and the Moon, the processes are as yet undefined. It is possible that NASA will ask this SSG to identify any measurements, technologies, and/or infrastructures that you would suggest be included in human precursor missions to the Moon.


Timing, Reporting
Interim results are requested on each of the above phases according to the following schedule:
Phase 1 Deliverables:  Oct 1, 2004
Phase 2 Deliverables: Nov. 1, 2004
 
It is requested that the final results be presented in the form of both a Powerpoint presentation and a white paper. Although the conclusions and findings of this overall body of work are required by Dec. 1, 2004, final documentation in the form of a white paper may continue for a short time beyond this date. A suggested deadline for the white paper is 12-31-04. Contingent on priority and schedule availability, the SSG study team should be prepared to present the findings of this effort at the April, 2005 MEPAG meeting, and beforehand to the Director/Lead Scientist of the MEP, as well as leaders of the Office of Exploration Systems.
 
Bruce Jakosky, MEPAG Chair
Jim Garvin, Lead Scientist Mars/Moon, NASA HQ (Code S)
Dan McCleese, Chief Scientist, Mars Program (JPL)



APPENDIX 2. Acronym list



ACE/CRIS – Advanced Composition Explorer/Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer

ALARA – “as low as reasonably achievable”

BCF - Bearing Capacity Failure

BFO – Blood Forming Organs

BRYNTRN – A NASA-LaRC transport code (“Baryon Transport”)

CEQ – Council on Environmental Quality

CNS – Central Nervous System

DRMs – Design Reference Missions

EDL – Entry, Descent, and Landing. The sequence associated with spacecraft passage from the top to the bottom of the martian atmosphere.

ESA – European Space Agency

ESMD – Exploration Systems Mission Directorate at NASA HQ

EVA – Extra-Vehicular Activity

FLUKA – A widely used particle physics Monte Carlo program; the name refers to the origin of the code, FLUktuierende Kaskade, which performed a nuclear cascade calculation.

GCM – atmospheric Global Circulation Model

GCR – Galactic Cosmic Rays

GEX – Gas Exchange; an instrument on the 1975 Viking mission

GOES – Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

HEND – High-Energy Neutron Detector; part of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite of instruments on the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission (http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/content/learning/aboutgrs/)

HETC – High Energy Transport Code

HiRISE – High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment; an instrument on the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission (http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/)

HZE – High Charge (Z) and Energy (E)

HZETRN – NASA-JSC and LaRC transport code for HZE particles

ICRP – International Commission on Radiation Protection

ISRU – In Situ Resource Utilization

JSC – Johnson Space Center, a NASA field center located in Houston, TX

LDEF – Long Duration Exposure Facility

LET – Linear Energy Transfer

LM - Lunar Module (Apollo program lander)

LR – Labeled Release (experiment on Viking lander)

MARIE – Martian Radiation Environment Experiment; an instrument on the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission (http://marie.jsc.nasa.gov/)

MEPAG – Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group

MGS – Mars Global Surveyor. A NASA orbiter launched in 1996.

MHP SSG – The Mars Human Precursor Science Steering Group (the authors of this report)

MOLA – Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter; an instrument on the 1996 Mars Global Surveyor mission (http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/tharsis/mola.html)

MSL – Mars Science Laboratory; a proposed future Mars mission, currently under consideration for launch in 2009.

NRC – National Research Council.

NS – Neutron Spectrometer; part of the Gamma Ray Spectrometer suite of instruments on the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission (http://grs.lpl.arizona.edu/content/learning/aboutgrs/)

PRA – Probabilistic Risk Assessment

SEP – Solar Energetic Particle

SHARAD – Shallow Radar; an instrument on the 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission.

TAO – Take-off, ascent, and orbit insertion; the inverse of EDL

TES – Thermal Emission Spectrometer; an instrument on the 1996 Mars Global Surveyor mission (http://tes.asu.edu/)




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