Al-Ghazzali on repentance m. S. Stern distributed By apt books, inc

200. W. M. Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology, pp. 66ff.; SEI,

s.v. al-Mu'tazila; W. p. 254; W(2), p. 114. (The other major

proposition was God's unity - i.e., no attributes separate from

His essence.)

201. W, p. 254.

202. T, p. 28; W(2), pp. Off. 203. T, p. 27; W(2), p. 57.

204. T, pp. Off.; W(2), pp. 115f. 205. T, p. 30.

206. T, p. 15.

207. Studies, pp. 382-388.

208. Al-Ghazzali discusses the necessarily subjective and limited abil­

ity of the gnostic to convey to others his acquired insights. Cf.

T, pp. 28f.

209. Such borrowing, quite often literal, was not unusual or negatively

valued. Cf. Studies, pp. 35f., note 20.

210. Numbers in brackets refer to page in T.

211. MS ,,, l J1~ t.a .

212. MS ~La,11~~r,J1 f r ) ~,

213. MS _r )1_JI .:Js i~o om.

214. Z, p. 497; Ru'ba b. Bi'a of the Ta'y tribe lost his recalcitrant son

Akhzam, and was attacked by the sons of Akhzam, his grandsons. He exclaimed in rhyme that he recognized therein the self same disposition that he had observed in Akhzam. This became prover­bial of the recognition of inherited characteristics.

215. MS _v I ,t..- in both cases, delete L L, .

216. MS ... is necessary in extricating the human essence from the

Satanic impurities..:. _. L.> C_,,~ L; 'I I L,ai .,;

U ^JI

217. MS ... lesser of the two evils. v _J._1 I v~,a I .

218. MS _j (...;.

219. MS .i h.

220. MS L,J . t.: LJ 1.

221. MS _v. U I .L,i1.

222. MS J1: _jr I_j t Jw1) JjI ...JG. 223. MS

224. d. 283/896 225. MS _j.vl­

226. T a: (;f; MS ,i (i; Read a: L 227. MS S :.r-.

228. K 24:35

152

229. MS J1..:

230. K 24:31. 231. K 66:8. 232. MS I .i 233. K 2:222. 234. K 37:94(96). 235. MS_rL 1J1. 236. MS ;_. ~ I ;, i. 237. K 33:62.

238. Koranic idiom. Cf. K 16:79(77) and 54:50. 239. T LA_S ~-,J; ; Read La_mb. 240. K 54:49.

241. K 54:50. 242. _.: L

243.:-,4U I 6 and X1.1 I _fJ tt . Cf. al-Ghazzali, The Founda­

245. K 9:14.

246. Cf. K 72:27.

247. MS U!-_j.

248. MS 1.1. .

249. Cf. al-Ghazzali, The Book of Knowledge, trans. N. A. Fans, p.223;

250. MS J.ol yl.

251. Cf. K 9:21 and 76:20.

252.. Read r_,

253. K 36:8-10.

254. MS om.

255. al-Gha77ali, Ihya' 'Ulum ad-Din, vol. 1, Bk 1. The subject raised here is discussed in section six.

256. K 24:31.

257. al-Gha77a1i, Foundations, p. 119; Studies, pp. 264-348.

258. K 17:64(62). 259. K 48:2.

260. MS ash _Vi •

261. K 83:14.

262. MS ar I, J~

₁.c~..a

263. MS ~11^- -

r

264. MS : L,1 I J LS

267. MS yA _Y.

268. K 34:53(54).

269. K 63:10-11. 270. K 4:22(18). 271. K 4:21(17).

272. Legendary figure of pre-Islamic times to whom great wisdom is

attributed. Cf. SEI, s.v. Lukman.

273. _{CJ_} 1.

274. K 2:38(40).

275. K 23:8 and 70:32. 276. K 91:9.

277. Read C^.r

278. K 42:24(25). 279. K 40:2(3).

280. MS :_j_'~ ftsZ

y.

281. d. 713.

283. Ibn 'Iyad, d. 802. 284. d. 692-3. 285. MS L_I-6 om.

286. d. 32 A.H.

287. MS _rVS .u.

288. K 8:39(38).

289. A Jew of Medina who accepted Islam, d. 43/663-4. 290. The second Caliph, d. 23/644.

291. Early Sufi who was among the first to develop the teachings of

gnosis (ma'rifa),180/796-246/861. Cf. EI, s.v. Dhu '1-Nun, Abu

'l-Fayd.

292. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', vol. 3, Bk 1. 293. K 79:24.

294. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', vol. 3. 295. MS _v11.

154

297. K 53:33(32).

298. The son of Egypt's conqueror, 'Amr. See El, s.v. 'Amr b. al-'As. 299. One of the earliest Muslims, he was a companion of the Prophet

and a Koran reader, d. 32/652-3. See EI, s.v. Ibn Mas'fld. 300. 68/687-8.

301. K 4:35(31).

302. d. 996.

303. MS _'S1• I om.

304. Made of wood of the arak tree. 305. Sa'd b. Malik b. Sinan, 74/693-4. 306. K 4:35(31).

307. MS t.. L.: I om. 308. K 51:56. 309. MS J.a 1 om.

310. MS V₁b.

311. Read ~..a~ .

312. MS

315. A small coin of little value.

316. Mystic, author of Qflt al-Qulflb from which al-Ghazzali drew much

material, d. 386/998. Cf. El, s.v. Abu Talib al-Makki. 317. MS and C _t3 }4.

318. C 1.;₁11.

319. C Y om.

320. C _u L+.

321. K 4:35(31).

322. MS and C ,_j..

323. d. 58/678.

324. MS J (;:) .

325. The great jurist, d. 204/820.

326. An intoxicating beverage made from raisins and dates. 327. K 29:42(43).

328. d. 110/729.

M

329. MS and ^c,--L1 L..; u.

330. Z, p. 548. al-Zabidi indicates that this refers to Jesus. Cf. Matthew 7:6.

331. MS _i Lid om.

332. MS _j.-Y 1~1com. 333. MS &J...

334. K 29:42(43).

335. MS acid C ILU1.

336. CF. SEI, s.v. al-lawh al-mahf6z.

337. K 2:111(117), 3:42(47), 3:52(59), 6:72(73), 16:42(40), 19:36(35),

36:82, 40:70(68).

338. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', vol. 1, Bk 2; available in Faris' translation. 339. Lit. - successful, victorious, winner.

340. Al-Janna, within the later theological speculation, is portrayed as

a multi-leveled and gradated series of gardens. Cf. El, s.v.

al-Djanna.

341. Cf. K 83:15.

342. MS and C C:. G₁•.r..

343. K 104:6-7.

344. Diwan al-Mutanabbi, ed. F. Dieterici, p. 8.

345. Harisa - a sweet pastry made of flour, melted butter and sugar. -346. K 50:36(37).

347, al-Ghazzali, Knowledge, p. 141. 348. K 17:87(85).

349. MS _U 6.

350. al-Ghazzali, Knowledge, p. 141.

351. Cf. K 62:4.

352. Cf. K 2:99(105). 353. K 2:272(269). 354. K 6:91.

355. K 41:30; 46:12(13).

356. al-Ghazzali, Knowledge, p. 94. 357. K 19:72-3(71-2).

358. 21/642-110/728. Preacher and ascetic of the Umayyad period. Had

a profound influence on different types of personalities and is exten­

sively quoted in Islamic literature. EI, s.v. Hasan al-Basri.

359. MS i )L:.;.I om. 360. K 41:46. 361. K 40:17.

156

362. K 53:40(39).

363. K 99:7-8. 364. K 4:44(40). 365. Cf. K 101-5.

366. Cf. K 56:26-37, 89(88). 367. Cf. K 33:72. 368. K 59:19. 369. Cf. K 53:7. 370. K 32:12.

371. al-Ghazzali, lhyd', vol. 4, Bk 5.

372. MS C

373. Abu 'Abdallah Ahmad b. Yahya b. Jala' al-Baghdadi (III/IX cent.)..

374. K 41:46.

375. K 4:44(40). 376. K 53:40-11. 377. K 74:41. 378. K 61:5.

379. K 13:12(11). 380. K 53:11.

381. Cf. El, s.v. a'raf. 382. MS .115 om

383. 'A'isha bint Abi Bakr, wife of Muhammad, d. 58/678.

384. See note 338 above. 385. K 32:17.

386. Woman mystic and saint, d. 185/801 (Palestine). Cf. SEI, s.v.

Rabi'a al-Adawiya.

387. Evidently with reference to the proverb: [Find out who is going

to be] the neighbour before [you take] the house. 388. K 29:64.

389. K 58:9(8)

390. K 9:68(67).

391. K 36:11(12).

392. 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas, cousin of the Prophet, d. 68/687-8.

393. A term covering folkloristic or moralistic stories preserved in var­ious literary sources which because of their biblical or imagined context are related to the ancient Israelites. See EI, s.v. Isra'iliyat.

394. Dhikr is remembering God with mind or tongue and glorifying Him with certain fixed phrases. There developed two lines in the expo­sition and function of dhikr, both within Sufi ranks (although not

exclusively). Firstly, dhikr is used as a liturgical device, part of the simple prayer regimen. Secondly, dhikr became a technique used in attaining the sufi ittihad [substantial identification] with God. Cf. El, s.v. Dhikr.

395. C _a:.oi,., a.~.] I ___ Is; (;; aJ _Ji'`I G _r ,J I _L I

_v;₁S.iJ h~ L J i ;.J L_w. L_t.:. L. L J LS_D

Lr-J' `-Y Lt cs°L"'~ I & ut J I~:J 1 &U L

cl. :1,.W 1 l j;,,1 I ~;.

MS ~il h o m~ ~ ~u I j L _j`tJ I a,; U .1S I .LA

396.

397. On the basis of K 9:60 it was claimed that eight categories of people are entitled to benefits from the community alms. Cf. Th. W. Juyn­boll, Handbuch des Islamischen Gesetzes, pp. 106-7; Abu Shuja', and Ibn Qasim al-Ghazzi, Fath al-Qarlb, ed. and trans. L.W.C. Van den Berg, pp. 246ff.

399. K 11:116(114).

400. C and D _v t_j .

401. See note 382 above.

402. Cf. K 4:94(92) and EI, vol. 1, p.25.

403. Contemporary of the Prophet a.id general in the early conquests,

d. 21/641-2.

404. al-Ghazzali, Ihayd', vol. 2, Bk 4. 405. MS r^ .

406. Cf. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', vol. 3, Bk 4, pp. 143ff.

407. Lit. - is a slave to.

408. The two most important canonical collections of Tradition. Both

are called Sahih [sound]. They were compiled respectively by

Muhammad ibn 'Isma'il al-Bukhari (d. 870) and Muslim ibn

al-Hajjaj (d. 875).

409. Sa'd ibn Malik ibn Sinan Abu Sa'id al-Khudri, 74/693-4. 410. MS I,,;.

411. C.,I 1J . 412. C Zlc

j1 ₁I~ ~;,1I
413. See note 326 above. Differentiated from khamr which is made from

158

grapes. Cf. SEI, s.v. nabidh.

414. Ibn Abi-l-Hawwari (d. 860) and Abu Suleiman ad-Darani (d. 830), both Syrian mystics. Cf. A-G, pp. 26f.

415. c _L t . , t . L , Z, p. 26f. 416. MS e-U j.

417. al-Ghazzali, Ihyd', vol. 3, Bk 2.

418. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', vol. 1, Bk 1. 419. al-Ghazzali, Ihyd', vol, 3.

420. While not explicitly mentioning the biblical story of Uriah, the

Koran indicates David's guilt feelings in that regard. Cf. K 38:21-25

and EI, s.v. Dawdd.

421. Hasan b. 'Ali, the Prophet's grandson. 422. Cf. K 66:8.

423. Cf. K 89:27-8. 424. Cf. K 75:2.

425. K 53:33(32).

426. K 3:129-30(135-6).

427. D

428. K 28:54.

429. Cf. K 12:18. 430. K 9:103(102). 431. K 91:6-10. 432. Cf. K 12:53. 433. Cf. K 4:97(95).

434. MS _j 13s> Y 1. 435. K 53:40(39).

436. K 51:22.

437. K 32:12. The root NKS appears both in `handing their heads', and in `standing on one's head'.

438. K 53:40(39).

439. al-Ghazzali, Ihyd', vol. 1, Bk 9.

440. Bending of the body followed by two prostrations. Part of the Muslim worship rites.

441. C and D (.A. _ . 442. Lit. - God's verses. 443. See note 385 above. 444. See note 438 above.

445. K 8:33.

446. Abu Muhammad Sahl ibn 'Abdallah ibn Yunus al-Tustari, d.

283/896. A-G, p. 34.

447. Khuila - divine friendship; Cf. hard - friend, with reference to

Abraham. See, A-G, p. 26.

448. MS l_*JS i 71. 449. K 9:113(112). 450. K 99:7.

451. D

455. K 16:43(41); 39:27(26); 68:33.

456. MS :. a.. Also in Z.

457. Z attributes this remark to Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz, d. 286/899. Cf.

Arberry's translation from Farid a-Din 'Attar's, Tadhkirat

al-Ayliya', in A.S. Arberry, Muslim Saints and Mystics, pp. 218ff. 458. Ja'far b. Muhammad as-Sadiq, the sixth of the twelve Shi'i Imams,

d. 148/756.

459. Or: Persistence Complex. 460. K 16:110(108-9). 461. Lit. - paste, putty.

462. MS a I _vfs j 463. C and D LU-.

464. C J.^-s; _S iJ I ,j! I _{_}~.,m.

465. MS, C and D 11.1. _C J. Or else, as T has it: Since they know

why they were created, would that they acted in accord with what they know.

466. MS, C and D I P.1^-,

467. Cf. K 17:94(92). 468. K 35:39(41).

469. 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph, d. 22/644. al-Zabidi^­

attributes this to Ibn 'Umar (Z, p. 612).

470. Ibn Jabr al-Makki al-Makhzami, 101/722-3. 471. Hasan al-Basri. See note 358 above.

472. Cf. EI, s. v. Adam; H. N. Bialik, and Ravnitski, Sefer Ha-Agada,

p. 17, par. 94; L. Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, Vol. 1, p. 79.

160

473. MS ; _r I ~.. 474. MS J U om.

475. Cf. K 38-35, 40; SEI, s.v. Sulaiman; I Kings 11:7 et seq.; I Kings

14:21; TB, Sanhedrin 20b, 21b; TB, Shabbat 56b; TB, Gittin 68b;

476. Cf. SEI, s.v. al-Khadir. A legendary figure associated with the

story in the Koran, 18:60-82.

477. Cf. K 21:81; 38:37; The Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. Solomon; L.

Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, vol. 4, p. 162. 478. K 12:31.

479. K 12:83. 480. K 12:87. 481. K 12:42. 482. K 12:42.

483. C and D _rt: i L.­

484. 'Abdullah b. Ghafil b. Habib ... b. Hudayl, famous companion of the Prophet, often cited in the Revival, d. ca. 32/652-3. 485. Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad, 187/802.

486. According to _al-Zabidi (Z, p. 618) this is 'Abdullah b. Ahmad b.

Yahya al-Jala' al-Baghdadi. See note 373 above.

487. Abu-I-Qasim b. Muhammad, one of the greatest orthodox expo­nents of Sufism, d. 298/910. A-G, pp. 34f.; El, s.v. al-Djunayd.

488. Perhaps this should read i.iJJ L and be translated: ... until it overpowered you in ar-Raqqa ...

489. Cf. Z, La,^, ₅L t5

490. A-G, p. 139.

491. Lit. - Practice abstention from this world.

492. Mu'ad ibn Jabal, 18/639.

493. Note the rhyme L ., rj • L.r~ .

494. Ibrahim b. Adham, 161/778. A-G, pp. 30f, 495. First Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty, d. 680. 496. See note 304 above.

497. In law jihad consists of military action whose object is the expan­

sion of Islam or its defense. It is a duty but through the ages there

developed differing and often limiting applications. By the late

Middle Ages the fulfillment of this duty was often viewed as a col­

lective duty whose execution was mandated to the judgement of

the ruler. Jihad, however, was considered the more important of

the two. It is effort directed upon oneself for the attainment of moral

and religious perfection. EI, s.v. Djihad.

498. al-Basri. See note 358 above. 499. See note 272 above.

500. Salamat b. Dinar al-Madani, a famous Follower.

501. 'Imran - father of Mary the prophetess. Cf. K 3:30-1; El, s.v.

'Imran.

Jerusalem. A-G, p. 31. 503. C )-f.

504. 'Umar II, Umayyad Caliph, d. 720.

505. A contemporary of Hasan al-Basri (I-II/VIII century). 506. 'Umar II's governor in Basra. 507. i.e., the saints.

508. al-Ghazzali, Ihya', vol. 3, Bk. 2. 509. MS, C and D 510. K 92:6.

511. Cf. K 92:7. 512. K 92:8-9. 513. K 92:10. 514. Cf. K 92:11. 515. K 53:25.

516. Air, earth, fire, and water were considered by ancient philosophers

to be the four basic elements. 517. K 75:20-1.

518. K 87:16. 519. Cf. K 42:17.

520. MS om. _Off: Y_} of the printed edition:

... for this may be impossible and may not happen. 521. The blind poet, d. 1057.

522. R.A. Nicholson, Studies in Islamic Poetry, p. 185. 523. d. 37 A.H.