Access1 to Quality Health Care in Iraq: a gender and Life-Cycle Perspective

Windows of Opportunity: The Pursuit of Gender Equality in Post-War Iraq, January 2005, re-released in March 2005.

31 From http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(symbol)/E.C.12.2000.4.En)

32 Interview with Dr. Georges Georgi, UNFPA Representative, Iraq Programme, Amman, 12 August 2008.

33 Adapted from Iraq Watching Briefs: Health and Nutrition, WHO and UNICEF, July 2003

34 Ibid.

35 Ibid.

36 UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR) at http://www.undp-pogar.org/countries/iraq/gender-pw.html

37 Garfield, Richard, Health and Wellbeing in Iraq: Sanctions and the Impact of the Oil for Food Programme, 2002, cited in ABA/ILDP December 2006

38 UNICEF/Iraq, Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Iraq, 1998, cited in ABA/ILDP December 2006

39 Ibid.

40 WHO/UNICEF, Iraq Watching Briefs: Health and Nutrition, July 2003

41 Garfield, Richard, Jean Lennock and Sarah Zaidi, Medical Care in Iraq After Six Years of Sanctions, 1997, cited in ABA/ILDP

42 UN/World Bank Joint Iraq Needs Assessment – Health, Working Paper, October 2003, cited in ABA/ILDP, December 2006

43 Baram, Amatzia, The Effect of Iraqi Sanctions: Statistical Pitfalls and Responsibility, The Middle East Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, Spring 2000, cited in ABA/ILDP, December 2006

44 Article 30 of the 2005 Constitution reads – “First: The State guarantees to the individual and the family - especially children and women - social and health security and the basic requirements for leading a free and dignified life. The state also ensures the above a suitable income and appropriate housing. Second: The State guarantees social and health security to Iraqis in cases of old age, sickness, employment disability, homelessness, orphanage or unemployment, and shall work to protect them from ignorance, fear and poverty. The State shall provide them housing and special programmes of care and rehabilitation. This will be organised by law.”

45 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

46 IRIN, Iraq Focus on Water and Sanitation, 28 September 2004

47 UNDP/Ministry of Planning and Development Coordination, Iraq Living Conditions Survey 2004, 2005

48 Ibid.

49 Alwan, Dr. Ala’din, Health in Iraq: the Current Situation, Our Vision for the Future and Areas of Work, MoH, 2^nd Edition, December 2004

50 UNICEF/WHO, Iraq Social Sector Watching Briefs: Health and Nutrition, Juan Diaz and Richard Garfield

51 The Brookings Institute, Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction and Security in Post-Saddam Iraq, 5 October 2006

52 UNAMI Human Rights Office, Human Rights Report, 1 May to 30 June 2006

53 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

54 UNICEF/WHO, Iraq Social Sector Watching Briefs: Health and Nutrition, Juan Diaz and Richard Garfield

55 Ibid.

56 UNICEF/WHO, Iraq Social Sector Watching Briefs: Health and Nutrition, Juan Diaz and Richard Garfield

57 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

58 GenCap Gender Advisor / UNAMI Information Analysis Unit, GBV in Iraq: The Effects of Violence – Real and Perceived – on Women, Men, Girls and Boys, June 2008

59 Human Rights Watch, Climate of Fear: Sexual Violence and Abduction of Women and Girls in Baghdad, July 2003

60 Ibid.

61 Ibid.

62 Ministry of Health (2004) Mental Health Programme in Iraq: Summary of Situation Appraisal, Recommendations and Implementation Plans, cited in MEDACT (2004), Enduring Effects of War: Health in Iraq, pg. 4

63 WHO (2002) World Report on Violence and Health cited in MEDCAT (2004) Enduring Effects of War: Health in Iraq, pg. 4

64 IRIN, 17 August 2007

65 McKenna, Megan, Preparing for War in Iraq: Making Reproductive Health Care a Priority, Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. 2003, cited in ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

66 Physicians for Human Rights, One Year Later: Iraq Reconstruction Efforts Show Gaps in Women’s Health and Trauma Recovery; Comprehensive Process for Justice and Accountability for Past Abuses Lagging, March, 2004, cited in ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

67 According to figures available at http://www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreport-pdf/09_Maternal-Mortality_D7341Insert_English.pdf, the maternal mortality rate in the developed world generally was less than 100 per 100,000 live births in 2001. The MENA rate in 2001 was over 300 per 100,000 live births, but this was likely skewed by very high numbers in Yemen. Information cited in ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

68 According to the Iraqi MoH, cited in WHO, Briefing Note on the Potential Impact of Conflict on Health in Iraq, March 2003.

69 UNFPA, Iraq Reproductive Health Assessment, 2003.

70 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006

71 United Nations/World Bank, Joint Iraq Needs Assessment – Health Working Paper, October 2003.

72 Ministry of Health (2004) Health in Iraq: A Brief Review of the Current Health Situation and the Challenges Facing Health Development in Iraq, cited in MEDACT (2004) Enduring Effects of War: Health in Iraq

73 UNFPA, Iraq Reproductive Health Assessment, 2003

74 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Standards, December 2006, pg. 45

75 Amnesty International, Iraq: Decades of Suffering – Now Women Deserve Better, 2005

76 UNFPA, Iraq Reproductive Health Assessment, 2003

77 Ibid.

78 UNFPA (2004) Gender Profile: Iraq cited in MEDACT (2004) Enduring Effects of War: Health in Iraq, pg. 4

79 Alwan, Ala’din, Health in Iraq: The Current Situation – Our Vision for the Future and Areas of Work, MoE, Second Edition, December 2004, cited in ABA/ILDP, December 2006

80 UNFPA, Iraq Reproductive Health Assessment, 2003

81 Alwan, Ala’din, Health in Iraq: The Current Situation – Our Vision for the Future and Areas of Work, MoE, Second Edition, December 2004, cited in ABA/ILDP, December 2006

82 UNFPA, Iraq Reproductive Health Assessment, 2003

83 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Standards, December 2006

84 Amowitz, Lynn, Human Rights Abuses and Concerns about Women’s Health and Human Rights in Southern Iraq, American Medical Association, March 2004.

85 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Legal Standards, December 2006, pg. 43

86 Iraq’s Refugee and IDP Crisis: Human Toll and Implications, The Middle East Institute, Washington, DC, http://www.mideasti.org/publications/iraqs-refugee-idp-crisis

87 Ibid.

88 ABA/ILDP, The Status of Women in Iraq: Update to the Assessment of Iraq’s De Jure and De Facto Compliance with International Standards, December 2006

89 Alwan, Ala’din, Health in Iraq: The Current Situation – Our Vision for the Future and Areas of Work, MoE, Second Edition, December 2004, cited in ABA/ILDP, December 2006

90 Amowitz, Lynn, Human Rights Abuses and Concerns about Women’s Health and Human Rights in Southern Iraq, American Medical Association, March 2004.

91 Amnesty International, Iraq: Decades of Suffering – Now Women Deserve Better,2005