A report to the rufford small grants foundation
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| Participatory Mapping
Mapping of the area was undertaken on field with several knowledgeable members of the community and through an actual investigation by other members of the community of the topographic maps and a satellite image. On field, members of the local council of Tulgao West pointed out main landmarks within the domain and named them. Later, information from hunters who were able to read the map and a terrain model of the area were likewise collected. Boundaries in every corner were pointed out and lines were drawn to connect ridges and rivers, and the result was a domain map that showed a much bigger area than the political boundary of Tulgao. Figure 14 shows the political map of Tulgao over portions of the joined topographic maps of Lubuagan and Sallapadan. Within and around the immediate vicinity of the political boundary were named features, like the mountain peaks of Mosimus, Bangbanglang, Mauban, Alchan and Cauitan, and the Pasil River. Meanwhile, Figure 15 shows the political map and the drawn domain map against the backdrop of the 2002 satellite image. Many natural features marking the Tulgao domain have been identified by the participants. Creeks, mountain passes and ridges were named based on a long history of actual resource access, control and use. In areas that the informants have not themselves fully explored, information came from elders who can substantiate their claims also through stories of actual access and use from long ago. Figure 16 is a terrain model to emphasize how boundaries were decided then. Tulgao ancestral domain As in many traditional communities in Kalinga and other parts of the Cordillera uplands, domain boundaries were clear among the Tulgao people and their neighbors. These were formalized in their peace pacts, forged through highly ritualized steps, thus considered sacred agreements. Later, even when peace pacts were supported by written and signed documents between two communities, domain boundaries were still described in general terms and many details such as names of creeks and ridges as markers of many corners remained in the minds of the people. Today, new policies that apply to resources, new goals of some community members and the presence of outside players with interest in the resources within the domain are threatening Tulgao. Similar to other communities, the imposition of a formal system that required “drawing lines” between political units made informal arrangements problematic for indigenous communities. Another complicating circumstance is changing goals. Before, people used resources for subsistence, but today, the inevitable participation of the people in a cash economy have changed the views of some members of the community on resource use. Participation in research Participatory mapping was embedded in this research through the field exercises and actual reading of the maps and a satellite image to mark the metes and bounds of the domain. One of the most significant outputs of the participatory mapping exercises was a Tulgao map larger than the political map. Place names were likewise added to sparsely-labeled old topographic maps. Participation in domain mapping was limited to the provision of information and mostly by men. Many of these informants know the forests because of activities like hunting, guiding tourists and gathering forest products. They have likewise used trails established a long time ago to get to other communities, like Sagada, Abra, other parts of Tinglayan and the municipalities of Lubuagan and Pasil. Women, on the other hand, do not do normally hunt or guide tourists and generally perform their roles in agriculture in areas closer to the settlement. Men likewise participated in other aspects of the research and were instrumental in various essential decisions. They aided in the identification and clarification of the research problem (discussed in the introductory portion of this report), and they decided on the extent and composition of community counterpart for field work and the selection of sites for data collection. Clarification of research problem The research was carried out to assist the community catalog its natural resources. This has become important in view of many attempts to implement development projects in the area by outsiders, and the community’s realization that it needs actual written data in protecting their domain and if necessary, for negotiation. Over the years, the local community of Tulgao has collectively refused the entry of corporate mining in the area. Recent attempts of outsiders for mining exploration have failed. Dialogues were held to acquire community consent, but the community steadfastly refused to cooperate in the light of unclear responses to their queries and unimpressed by promises of future material gains in the widespread exploitation of their resources. The village leader of Tulgao West cited the following for their rejection of the most recent (March 2007) request to explore their area: 1) The mining company presented a plan on what to do in the area without due consideration of the plans and goals of the community in regard to the use of its resources; 2) For discussion, the community had asked what compensation awaits the people if they will allow their lands to be explored for mining. The mining company failed to provide a response that was satisfactory for the community; 3) The people know that their lands are acidic, and were told that in the exploration, water will be required during drilling. The community fears that water will be diverted for this purpose and deprive them of the resource; 4) However friendly the arrangements being offered, the community is convinced that the mining company will fence them out of the area to be explored, thus further detaching them from the management of their lands; 5) If exploration and mining will be allowed, conflicts will arise if some people will receive better compensation than others; or if outsiders will be employed and not community members. Many will join the insurgency movement and the government will bring in the military, possibly turning a once peaceful community into a community of unrest. Composition and extent of community participation Local leaders, municipal employees, hunters, elders, young men and women provided support to the research, from the initial planning of the fieldwork, to the process of obtaining consent for the research, in site selection and until the actual data gathering in the field. The support was not limited to hauling supplies but also in obtaining GPS points (by those who participated in the December training), to the collection of specimens and the processing of these while on field, in the identification of common names of the collected flora specimens to the identification of important places (or dissu) in their domain. This study showed that the people of Tulgao will participate in any activity that they believe will benefit them, thus their willingness to participate in the mapping and survey of their domain. The local leadership acknowledges the necessity of keeping up with the changing times. To sustain control over their domain and resources and to equip themselves well for future negotiations, they are now seeing the need to inventory their resources and codify them. Written documents as proof of ownership have become the norm and the community of Tulgao, in its goal to maintain control over its domain, has responded to this challenge, thus our relative success in producing this research output with their full support. Figure 14: Political Boundary of Tulgao over a 1:50,000 Topographic Map 
Figure 15: Political Map and Domain Map over the April 3, 2002 Landsat ETM+ Image 
Figure 16: Political Map and Domain Map over a Terrain Model from the April 3, 2002 Landsat ETM+ Image 
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Like other montane forests of the Cordillera, it is observed that the primary threat to the biodiversity of Tulgao is land conversion. The research site was heavily disturbed by human activity (e.g. clearing of forests to give way to vegetable gardens) resulting to forest gaps of variable sizes. However, even with the fragmentation that was observed in the area, and despite the limited scope covered in the field sites, the results of this initial study show a rich and diverse ecosystem that help sustain the activities of the people in and around Tulgao, and nearby communities. This initially confirms the classification of Tinglayan by the PBCPP (2002) as an area with extremely important terrestrial and inland water biodiversity resources. Specific recommendations have been formulated based on the results of each of the components of this research. Geophysical Features • Faults, folds and other geologic features (tributaries, volcanic cones and the like) need to be delineated in the area. As an initial step, it is suggested to obtain pertinent aerial photographs from where initial interpretations can be based. • More detailed surface drainage features, together with the topography, need to be interpreted and digitized. This could serve as the base map for various attributes of the study area. • Petrographic study of rocks in thin sections is necessary to verify the nature of volcanism and possible precious metal mineralization in the area. Fauna • The team only sampled a patch of abandoned agricultural area within 1700 masl to 1900 masl elevations and was not able to sample the thickest, undisturbed portions of the area at the same elevations. It is therefore recommended that another trapping be done in an undisturbed location to acquire a better estimate of the actual number of species of murids at that elevation. Standard elevation mapping done in the Cordillera showed that there are more than 10 Genus of murids at such elevation. • The assessment on species of bat was also incomplete. The standard trapping method for flying mammals must then be conducted specially in an undisturbed portion of the forest. Flora • The team did the collection in a very limited area, but already, the diversity of specimens collected seem to be comparable to two other important montane forests in the region, namely Mt. Sto. Tomas and Mt. Data. It is recommended that further collection be made in the undisturbed forest, especially inside Mt. Mosimus. Microbiology • It is recommended that the possible identification of these bacteria isolated in this present study should further be confirmed by more biochemical and microscopic analyses or identification kits. But the possible Genus of bacteria suggests that the isolates found in the soil samples were common parasites of humans. For instance, the gram positive cocci staphylococci occasionally cause serious human infections. Neisseria sp. are commonly isolated from animals and some species may also be pathogenic. The oxidase negative and gram negative cocci (Isolate No. 10) could possibly belong to the Genus Acinetobacter which are common soil and water organisms although they are occasionally found as parasites of certain animals and have been implicated in nosocomial infections. The gram negative rods with fermentative metabolism could belong to the Vibrio group, which were found in sites 1, 2 and 3. Most Vibrios are aquatic organisms either in freshwater and marine habitats. They were isolated from the river and river basins in this study. These organism can also be pathogenic to humans for example one species, Vibrio cholera is the bacterium that specifically causes cholera, one of the most common infectious human diseases that is transmitted exclusively via water (Madigan, Martinko and Parker, 1997). • It may not be conclusive, but according to the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP, 2004) of Tinglayan, the leading causes of morbidity in the municipality from 1998 to 2000 are diarrhea, bronchitis and influenza; while the leading causes of mortality are pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis and diarrhea. The bacteria we have isolated in this study that were found from various soil samples (both in terrestrial and water habitats) in the six locations around Tinglayan may explain why these are the common diseases in the Municipality of Tinglayan. Mapping • The Tulgao domain map drawn from the mapping exercises is not final. For it to be useful, it needs to be presented for validation, first to a larger number of community members in Tulgao and second, to knowledgeable community representatives from the villages that share boundaries with Tulgao. These are necessary future steps especially since literally “drawing boundary lines” is not part of the Kalinga people’s mapping tradition. FPIC Process This research started with a perceived weakness in the FPIC process, with critique on the conduct and questions on the integrity of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The major question on the process has to do with the independence of bodies that conduct the ESIA. Another criticism, as in the case of the Geothermal Project in Kalinga, is the failure of conducting an ESIA first before holding the FPIC. This study may be seen as an initial ESIA that can be used by the Tulgao communities, relevant agencies and government bodies before deciding on the Geothermal project. This study is by no means complete. It is critical that Mt. Mosimus and Mt. Binulauan be further studied systematically to identify threats to biodiversity and sustainable development. Once this is done, the ESIA may be continued to monitor changes in the ecosystem brought about by both natural causes and human activity. Further Research and Local Capability Building Safeguarding the integrity of the ecosystem in Tinglayan requires a variety of strategies. As stated earlier, further biodiversity research is needed in the area to cover important watershed and forest resources that include Mt. Mosimus and Mt. Binulauan. Another strategy should include local capability building, where a select group of residents (barangay leaders, teachers, high school or college students, for example) may be identified and trained for measuring certain attributes (e.g. rainfall, air and water temperature, water discharge at periodic intervals), proper collection of flora and fauna, and other environmental data. The team believes that this will encourage community participation in the monitoring and conservation of biodiversity resources in Tinglayan, especially if the ESIA has to continue. The ecosystem is critical to the survival of the community as it provides basic necessities such as food, water and medicines. It is integral to the environmental, cultural, spiritual, recreational and intellectual well-being of the people. 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