Enforcement -
This aspect of the Negeri Sembilan and Malacca law is quite comprehensive as long the unlawful occupation and use or destruction of waqf properties is concerned. Offences are defined127 and several mechanisms are adopted for this purpose. They include the empowerment of the Majlis128 and both the Shari’ah and civil courts129 to recover losses. Clear powers are given to the officer of Majlis130 and public Shari’ah prosecutors131 to investigate any offences.
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The Majlis can order or at the cost of the offender carry out the demolition and other necessary action. Similarly, it can order the offenders to pay compensation for the unauthorized occupation of any wakaf land or wakaf building, clearing, ploughing, digging, enclosing or cultivating or otherwise working on any wakaf land or cutting, taking, removing or disposing any produce on or from any wakaf land. In case the order of the Majlis is not complied with, it can apply to the Court and the court has to issue an order to that effect.132
Power of Courts -
The Shariah courts133 shall have the jurisdiction to declare a waqf valid in terms of its instrument, the terms and conditions thereof, the time when it has become effective134 and enforceable, its nature and its effect. Only the Shari’ah court should have the power to interpret, construct, declare valid or otherwise any instrument of waqf or any matter relating thereto135. Such a declaration should be binding, and no civil court shall have the power to challenge or ignore and refuse to follow. The Shari’ah court, the same as any civil court, shall grant leave to the nazir to enter a transaction, appoint, or dismiss the nazir or his substitute.
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The Shariah court can issue any order or injunction for enforcement of its declaration, interim, and final; and shall have the same effect as if it were issued by a civil court of a appropriate jurisdiction.
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Where a non-Muslim is party to a dispute, the parties may bring action in both Shari’ah and civil courts. The civil court shall adjourn its proceedings until a verdict is entered by the Shari’ah court. The award of the Shari’ah court, as far as it relates to the validity of declaration of waqf, interpretation of such a declaration, transfer and transmission of title and any other issue that shall be decided according to Shari’ah, shall be acknowledged by the civil court. The Shari’ah court shall take cognition of the fact that the donor had a valid title to the subject property in the first place. Where the Shari’ah court misconstrues the law relating to titles, the decision of the civil court if made after that of Shari’ah court shall prevail. The order of the Shari’ah court can be enforced only after a similar award is made by the civil court.
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The Majlis will have the duty to seek the leave of the Shari’ah court to register when it believes a given property is a waqf property including those involving non-Muslim as contestant. Only on the order of Shari’ah court then it will have to register such property as waqf. The Shari’ah court in its declaration shall rely on any evidence considered admissible under the established principles of Islamic Law.
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The Shari’ah court can order to demolish, destroy any structure or building and order to clear any crops on waqf land136.
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The recovery of the debt is recoverable through litigation in civil courts137.
Conclusion
This proposal envisions a major change to the laws of waqf. It recognises waqf as a legal person and based on its classification it proposes two types of management structures: one at the hands of Majlis and other at the hand of a corporate like entity. While protection of the properties at the hand of both the Majlis and the Corporation, management activities of the productive properties is the main focus of this proposal which is proposed to be at the hand of the Corporation. While this proposal highlights the issues that must form the contents of the law of waqf amendments to other laws such as banking, taxation, companies and others are presumed to be considered necessary by the drafters of the legislation if this proposal was accepted to be a valid effort.
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