A metageography of port-city relationships

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Table 2: Main characteristics of the principal components

	F1	F2	F3	F4
Eigen values	5.2	1.3	1.0	0.8
Cumulated variance (%)	47.2	59.1	68.3	76.0
Contribution of the indicators to the factors (%)
Coordinates > 0	Transport chain concentration	North-south landside gradient	East-west urban gradient	North-south logistic gradient
Coordinates > 0	Logistic Activities (14%) Container Throughput (13%) Container Terminals (12%) Freight Forwarders (12%)	Rail Connections (19%) Road Connections (18%) Latitude (15%) Urban Population (3%)	Longitude (51%) Urban Population (14%) Logistic Activities (3%) Rail Connections (1%)	Logistic Activities (10%) Urban Population (7%) Latitude (3%) Freight Forwarders (3%)
Coordinates < 0	-	Container Throughput (6%) Maximum Depth (11%) Maritime Connections (11%) Longitude (13%)	Container Throughput (2%) Container Terminals (5%) Latitude (7%) Maximum Depth (13%)	Longitude (10%) Rail Connections (15%) Road Connections (17%) Maximum Depth (30%)
Coordinates < 0		East-west maritime gradient	North-south port gradient	East-west intermodal gradient

Table 3: Types of transport chain integration at the world’s main 100 port cities

Rank on F1	PORT CITY	Integration type			Rank on F1	PORT CITY	Integration type
Rank on F1	PORT CITY	Sea-land	Port-city	Logistic-intermodal	Rank on F1	PORT CITY	Sea-land	Port-city	Logistic-intermodal
1	Tokyo-Yokohama	-	-	-	51	Durban	-	-	+
2	Osaka-Kobe	+	-	-	52	Rio de Janeiro	-	+	-
3	Rotterdam-Europoort	+	-	+	53	Saint-Petersburg	-	-	+
4	Hamburg	+	-	+	54	Dublin	-	+	-
5	New York-New Jersey	-	-	-	55	Philadelphia	-	+	-
6	London	-	-	-	56	Southampton	+	-	-
7	Antwerp	+	-	-	57	Brisbane	-	-	-
8	Los Angeles-Long Beach	-	-	+	58	Leixoes-Porto	-	+	+
9	Hong Kong	-	+	-	59	Copenhagen	-	-	+
10	Barcelona	+	+	+	60	Felixstowe	-	-	-
11	Miami-Port Everglades	-	-	+	61	Beirut	+	+	+
12	Busan	-	+	+	62	Savannah	+	-	+
13	Singapore	-	+	-	63	Mumbai (Bombay)	+	-	-
14	Shanghai	-	-	-	64	Portland OR	-	-	+
15	Bremen-Bremerhaven	-	-	-	65	Callao-Lima	+	+	-
16	Valencia	+	-	+	66	Chennai (Madras)	+	-	+
17	Genoa	+	-	+	67	Jacksonville	-	-	+
18	Nagoya	+	-	-	68	Fremantle-Perth	+	-	-
19	Seattle-Tacoma	+	-	+	69	Incheon-Seoul	-	+	+
20	Houston	-	+	+	70	Qingdao	-	+	+
21	Manila	-	-	+	71	Cape Town	-	-	+
22	Montreal	-	+	+	72	Abidjan	+	+	+
23	Bangkok	+	-	+	73	Trieste	+	-	-
24	Melbourne	-	-	-	74	Leghorn (Livorno)	+	-	+
25	Buenos Aires	-	-	+	75	Tanjung Perak-Surabaya	+	-	-
26	Vancouver BC	-	-	+	76	Ho Chi Minh City	+	-	-
27	Piraeus-Athens	-	+	+	77	Dalian	-	-	+
28	Marseilles	+	+	+	78	Haifa	+	+	+
29	Kaohsiung	-	+	+	79	Casablanca	+	+	-
30	Tanjung Priok-Jakarta	+	-	+	80	Boston MA	-	+	-
31	Baltimore	-	-	+	81	Izmir	+	+	+
32	Le Havre	-	-	-	82	Taichung	-	-	+
33	Lisbon	+	+	+	83	Zeebrugge	-	-	-
34	Port Klang-Kuala Lumpur	-	+	-	84	Auckland	-	-	+
35	Sydney-Port Botany	-	-	-	85	Algeciras	-	-	+
36	Gothenburg	-	+	+	86	Keelung-Taipei	-	-	-
37	Oslo	-	+	+	87	Hakata-Fukuoka	+	-	-
38	Helsinki	-	+	-	88	Thessaloniki	-	+	+
39	Dubai	-	+	-	89	Dammam	+	+	+
40	Bilbao	+	+	+	90	Aarhus	+	-	+
41	Oakland-San Francisco	-	-	+	91	Halifax	+	-	-
42	Charleston	+	-	+	92	Kitakyushu	-	-	-
43	Tianjin	+	-	+	93	Karachi	-	-	-
44	Colombo	-	+	+	94	Santos	-	-	-
45	New Orleans	-	-	+	95	Port Said	-	-	+
46	Jeddah	-	+	+	96	Lagos-Apapa	+	-	-
47	Amsterdam	-	+	-	97	Dunkirk	+	-	+
48	Haydarpasa-Istanbul	-	-	-	98	Limassol	-	-	-
49	Naples	-	+	+	99	Glasgow	-	+	-
50	Liverpool	-	+	-	100	Xiamen	-	-	-

Figure 1: A matrix of port-city relationships

Source: adapted from Ducruet, 2004b

Figure 2: Regional models of port-urban organisation

Source: Lee, Song and Ducruet, 2006

Figure 3: Spatial distribution of the results (1)

Figure 4: Spatial distribution of the results (2)

Figure 5: A system of port city integration in the transport chain

Annex: Most representative port cities

(+)	North-south landside gradient	East-west urban gradient	North-south logistic gradient
	Boston Philadelphia Glasgow Stockholm Montreal Portland OR New York-New Jersey Bristol Bordeaux London Copenhagen Houston Liverpool Nantes St. Petersburg Belfast Teesport Tunis Baltimore Riga Jacksonville Amsterdam Miami-Port Everglades New Orleans Rouen Gothenburg Leixoes-Porto Alicante Dublin Oslo	Auckland Ho Chi Minh City Wellington Melbourne Sydney-Port Botany Adelaide Chittagong Brisbane Cebu Bangkok Tanjung Perak-Surabaya Fremantle-Perth Mumbai (Bombay) Tanjung Priok-Jakarta Tokyo-Yokohama Belawan-Medan Karachi Shanghai Dar-es-Salaam Hakata-Fukuoka Kitakyushu Chennai (Madras) Tunis Stockholm Penang Osaka-Kobe Ningbo Buenos Aires Haydarpasa-Istanbul Nagoya	Nagoya Yokkaichi Tokyo-Yokohama Osaka-Kobe Philadelphia Hakata-Fukuoka Adelaide Brisbane Buenos Aires Bremen-Bremerhaven Kitakyushu Gwangyang Fremantle-Perth Nantes Melbourne Glasgow Sydney-Port Botany Wellington London Shimizu Amsterdam Vigo Boston Trieste New York-New Jersey Liverpool Southampton Shuwaikh Gioia Tauro Bordeaux
	Zeebrugge Belawan-Medan Incheon-Seoul Puerto Cabello Dalian Algeciras Taichung La Spezia Limassol Santos Gioia Tauro Dubai Manila Busan Keelung-Taipei Penang Auckland Rio Grande Wellington Colombo Port Said Chiwan (Shenzhen) Xiamen Port Louis Felixstowe Kaohsiung Qingdao Port Klang-Kuala Lumpur Hong Kong Singapore	Southampton Aarhus Jacksonville Port Said Veracruz Rio Grande Portland OR Rotterdam-Europoort Vigo Trieste Antwerp La Spezia Bremen-Bremerhaven Le Havre Kingston Savannah Charleston Santa Cruz de Tenerife Tilbury Puerto Cabello Oakland-San Francisco Algeciras Halifax Los Angeles-Long Beach Honolulu Felixstowe Gioia Tauro Vancouver BC Seattle-Tacoma Zeebrugge	Mersin Mina Zayed Limassol Tunis Haydarpasa-Istanbul Penang Santos Puerto Cabello Ravenna Cadiz Felixstowe Cebu Dubai Ho Chi Minh City Dar-es-Salaam Belawan-Medan Dakar Mombasa Kingston Venice Casablanca Callao-Lima Chittagong Hong Kong Singapore San Juan Lagos-Apapa Mumbai (Bombay) Guayaquil Karachi
(-)	East-west maritime gradient	North-south port gradient	East-west intermodal gradient

1 Centrality is defined as a local / regional trade generation power (endogenous) while intermediacy is defined by external player’s election of a place for serving their networks (exogenous).

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